The Notion of True Belief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Notion of True Belief - Essay Example This paper will begin with a brief introduction to some of the crucial, but general aspects of the author’s position, and in turn, proceed to a more pointed discussion of the nature of the notion of belief, according to Audi. According to Audi, the notion of ‘belief’ can loosely be translated as opinion or belief, and it is a term which comes from the Ancient Greek. To claim, or to maintain that there is an ideal form of a belief, is to defend the belief in some sense. For Audi , he presents at the first level, the notion of a belief in terms of the connection with the notion of knowledge â€Å"through acquaintance† [Audi, 2003, p. 36], which is a notion which was developed by Russell. He argues that there is sufficient evidence, through the knowledge by acquaintance notion that a belief is justified as a form of knowledge if the object of the belief in question has some form of ‘propositional content’ or â€Å"inference from propositions abou t them† [Audi, 2003, p. 36]. That is, where there is a correspondence between the propositional content on the one hand, and on the other hand, the belief which there is supposed to be a relation with. For example, and in keeping with Russell’s notion of acquaintance, there is a difference between the propositional content of a sensible referent, and one which is connected with rationality or mathematics [Audi, 2003, p. 58]. That is, if I can say that I believe that the sun will rise tomorrow, it follows that the propositional content of the belief in question refers to a sensible phenomena on the one hand, and the laws of probability or the nature of experience which would lead me to believe in such a proposition [Audi, 2003, p. 37]. However, those which are connected with acquaintance are a form of knowledge where the propositional content does not necessarily have a sensible referent involved. For example, the belief in the truth of a mathematical proposition. For ex ample, it might be said that the proposition F(N){N +1 + 1 . . .}, is a proposition which has a potentially infinite chain of sequences of integers which will follow. This is an example of knowledge by acquaintance in the following regard: first, it is not a form of propositional content which has a truth which is guaranteed through experience, and second, it is obvious that nobody could experience this in the first place. However, there is the experience of acquaintance. That is, the familiarity with the mathematical reasoning involved with the proposition. That is, where the consequence which cannot necessarily be demonstrated through ‘sense’, can be demonstrated by the very rules of mathematics. As is noted by Audi, this has always been an important aspect for the consideration of theological or religious questions in the â€Å"medieval† context, which he describes in terms of the â€Å"analytic† dimensions of the concept of belief [Audi, 2003, p. 97]. As Audi points out in these pages, the notion of form which is connected to analytic truths are important in a number of senses which are germane to the notion of acquaintance. As a form of knowledge which is of rational truths, it is not the case that the truths are guaranteed by anything more than the rules which govern the given proposition, and it is important that they are known to be beyond sense experience, and hence, beyond the form of reductive thinking which

The Significance Of Cross-Cultural Negotiation Skills For The Success Essay

The Significance Of Cross-Cultural Negotiation Skills For The Success Of International Mergers And Alliances - Essay Example If we analyzed then we come to know that by definition, the two or extra parties concerned in a negotiation have conflicting interests and may come into disagreement over key points, whether it be a fair cost in buyer-seller relations, a fair licensing agreement, or an evenhanded workplace understanding. Furthermore, the conflict and agreement that takes place throughout negotiations has an intrinsic emotional component, and touching or emotional reactions such as suffering or annoyance are frequently experienced throughout the negotiation procedure. Certainly, the procedure of attitudinal structuring (Walton & McKersie, 2005) has a significant emotional component. Anecdotal proof, case studies, and educational writings point to an attractive occurrence that can take place in cross-cultural negotiations the appearance of negative spirals that cause ever more negative emotional or touching reactions in negotiators which rise ill-will, hurt the negotiation procedure, and frequently bri ng it to an end.

Effects of Hospital-Based Smoking Cessation Interventions

Effects of Hospital-Based Smoking Cessation Interventions The Effects of Hospital-Based Smoking Cessation Interventions on 10-Year Mortality  Among Adult Smokers 18-64 Eline van den Broek 1 Setting up the Research Designs Background Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease, disability, and death in the United States [CDC, 1]. It is estimated that cigarette smoking results in more than 480,000 premature deaths and approximately 8.6 million Americans live with a serious illness caused by smoking [2]. Research has established smoking causes various serious diseases such as cancers, lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema, and increases in the risk of heart disease, including stroke, heart attack, vascular disease, and aneurysm [3-37]. Various studies, including RCT’s, cohort and case-control studies, concluded that adults who smoke die earlier than nonsmokers [3-37]. Reversely, researchers have also found that preventing deaths caused by smoking would lead to substantial gains in life expectancy [38-41]. While we have gathered extensive information about tobacco use as a major cause of many of the world’s top killer diseases, responsible for the death of about 1 in 10 adults worldwide [42], less is known about the effects of different smoking intervention programs on mortality and life expectancy. Successful smoking cessation interventions almost certainly result in major gains, both in reducing smoking-related illnesses and potentially in preventing premature deaths [43]. The more evidence we have on what type of programs are most effective in smoking cessation, the easier it would be to address the crucial public health and policy question whether these programs are desirable in the context of avoidable mortality. Also, since most studies have focused on comparing smokers to non-smokers, we need more evidence about the effect of different interventions among smokers only. In Colorado, over 900,000 residents currently smoke, with the highest rates among young adults aged 18 to 24 years (28.2%). In 2000, 52.8 percent of adult smokers in Colorado made quit attempts of at least one day. [44] Researchers in the University of Colorado Hospital (UCH) have decided to implement a smoking cessation intervention, including bedside consultation with follow-up therapy and free nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). [45] The objective of this study is to determine the effect of this UCH-initiated intervention on 10-year mortality. The aim is to implement hospital systems change to improve inpatient tobacco dependence treatment. [45] Most of the literature involving smoking cessation interventions is related to outpatient interventions. Some studies have focused on the effect of inpatient smoking cessation interventions and rehospitalization. [46] Our study will contribute to that body of literature, focusing rather on an inpatient smoking cessation intervention and it s effect on 10-year mortality. Research Questions and Hypotheses Research Question: Does a hospital-initiated smoking cessation intervention predict lower 10-year mortality rate? Hypothesis: We hypothesize that the hospital-based intervention to encourage tobacco using inpatients to quit smoking has a significant lowering effect on 10-year mortality rate. H0: There is no significant effect of the UCH inpatient smoking cessation intervention and 10-year mortality Ha: There is a significant effect of the UCH inpatient smoking cessation intervention and 10-year mortality Recall bias is a classic form of information bias: we will not collect the correct information, because the subjects in the study report past events in a manner that is different between the two study groups case-control. Since our study will be backwards in directionality, it would in general be more prone to information and recall bias. This happens, for instance, if our cases and controls will differentially recall intervention, related smoking behavior, or any other variables that we include in the model that are based on self-reported data, so that inaccurate recall is related to characteristics of the exposure of interest and of the respondents. Yet in our case, the most important information is collected using information recorded in the electronic medical record, so we will are less worried about this type of bias in our design. Interviewing technique and the study protocol, including the design of questionnaires and the motivation of respondents, play a central role and are under the control of the investigator. [130] Even though we think that our matching process will limit confounding bias, we still may deal with the issue that the influence of one intervention is mixed with the effect the other. For example, the intervention may have led to other healthy lifestyles, such as less alcohol use or more exercise. This would be less relevant in our case, however, because we are really interested in the effect of the intervention on mortality. If the intervention has positive effects on other healthy behaviors, that will not bias our conclusions. In case-control studies, selection bias can occur in the selection of cases if they are not representative of all cases within the population, or in the selection of controls if they are not representative of the population that produced the cases. [131] It could be that cases and/or controls are selected on criteria related to the intervention, for example they are selected differentially on the basis of their intervention or there may be differences in reporting of which intervention they received between cases and controls. We may have a concern with selection bias in our study design, because both the intervention and the outcome have occurred by the time the patient is recruited into the study. The (internal and external) validity of a case-control study depends on the representativeness of controls. [132,133] The controls need to be a representative sample of the study population from which the cases are drawn during the study period. Since we will use a computer generated pool of controls, they will be randomly selected to minimize bias. We do expect some issues with consenting the controls and expect that we will have to use second or third drawn controls to match with some of the cases. Generally, â€Å"hospital controls† are often more easily accessible and tend to be more cooperative than â€Å"population based† controls. [50] A disadvantage of drawing from a hospital population is that we will have an issue with the external validity of the study. The question remains whether we will be able to generalize the results from the UCH-based population to other inpatient interventions or even more broadly: a population based intervention. 4.8 Study Strengths Among the strengths of a case-control study are the fact that they are generally relatively inexpensive, they are short-term studies to conduct (so cheaper and quicker); they are efficient designs for rare diseases or for studies with a lagged outcome like mortality in 10 years; and they can be powerful with small samples of cases. While the 1:2 matching design is intended to eliminate confounding, the main potential benefit of matching in case-control studies is a gain in efficiency. We do need to note that since we currently design the study and the intervention(s) still need to take place, we will have to wait for 10 years to measure the effect on mortality. But as mentioned, another advantage of a case-control study is that they are typically feasible to obtain sufficient numbers of cases when studying rare diseases or diseases with a long latency period, like in our case: mortality in 10 years. We will thus require a smaller sample size than with other designs and we can still evaluate the effect of the different types of interventions. The fact that we have the ability to use multiple controls of the same type has the advantage of increasing the study’s power.

Stephen Cranes The Open Boat and Jack Londons To Build A Fire Essay

Stephen Crane's The Open Boat and Jack London's To Build A Fire Stephen Crane’s short story, â€Å"The Open Boat† speaks directly to Jack London’s own story, â€Å"To Build A Fire† in their applications of naturalism and views on humanity. Both writers are pessimistic in their views of humanity and are acutely aware of the natural world. The representations of their characters show humans who believe that they are strong and can ably survive, but these characters many times overestimate themselves which can lead to an understanding of their own mortality as they face down death. In â€Å"To Build A Fire†, the main conflict throughout is man versus nature although it would be inaccurate to say that nature goes out of its way to assault the man. The fact of the matter is, nature would be just as cold without the man's presence regardless of him being there .The environment as a whole is completely indifferent to the man, as it frequently is in naturalist literature. The bitter environment does not aid him in any way, and it will not notice if he perishes. In the same way, the dog does not care about the man, only about itself. Ironically enough though, as the man was dying he was getting upset toward the dog because of its natural warmth, the instincts that it had, and its survival skills and those were the elements that the man lacked for survival. It is ironic that the man had to die in order to find out that man's fragile body cannot survive in nature's harsh elements, regardless of a human’s natural over-confidence and psychological strength. The protagonist of the story, who is purposely not given a name, as the idea that the environment will determine his fate rather than his free will. The Man is forced to accept that he is not invinc... ...nd they are simply along for the ride. Stephen Crane’s â€Å"The Open Boat† and â€Å"To Build a Fire† by Jack London are both naturalistic tales that portray the universe as a somewhat indifferent being that could not care less for the any of the men in either story. The irony is biting, yet completely subverts the ideals and values that humanity generally holds of being superior and invincible in the world. Works Cited Gurian, Jay. "The Romantic Necessity in Literary Naturalism: Jack London." American Literature: 112-20. Print. London, Jack. "To Build a Fire, by Jack London." The World of Jack London 2012 ®. Web. 02 May 2012. . Pizer, Donald. "Jack London's "To Build a Fire": How Not to Read Naturalist Fiction." Philosophy and Literature 34.1 (2010): 218-27. Project Muse. Web. 1 May 2012. .

Marriage: When a Man Meets His Woman Essay

â€Å"For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and they will become one flesh.† (New International Version, Genesis 2.24) Marriage as we all know is the union of a man and a woman to become husband and wife. Marriage is where the smallest unit of the society begins––the family. Marriage is the door to procreation. Marriage is a sacred vow and according to Hebrews 13.4, â€Å"Marriage should be honored by all, and the marriage bed kept pure, for God will judge the adulterer and all the sexually immoral.† Marriage is a game that children play. When children are tired of playing, they simply quit. When children encounter problems while playing, they quit. When they want to play again, they simply do so. Marriage is a deep relationship between the husband and the wife. It is intimate. It involves not only their physical self but their hearts and souls as well. Quitting is not an option should they become tired or should they encounter problems. Timothy had a good description of a responsible husband, â€Å"Now the overseer must be above reproach, the husband of but one wife, temperate, self-controlled, respectable, hospitable, able to teach, not given to drunkenness, not violent but gentle, not quarrelsome, not a lover of money† (1 Timothy 3.2–3). Though Timothy specifically dedicated these verses to an overseer (or a bishop during their time), the characteristics given are truly what a husband should possess in order to please God and to make their marriage last. Since a husband is the head of his family, he should really possess qualities that will help him manage the â€Å"small society† given to him by God. A man should seek God’s wisdom in choosing the woman to marry. Man, having free will, makes plans for himself. In most cases, these plans failed or never happened because those are not God’s plans. â€Å"Many are the plans in a man’s heart, but it is the Lord’s purpose that prevails† (Proverbs 19.21). The Holy Bible describes the â€Å"perfect† woman to have fear of the Lord (Proverbs 31.30), has wisdom (Proverbs 31.26), and not quarrelsome (Proverbs 19.13). A woman can possess all these characteristics if she is living according to God’s will. With the Holy Bible as our reference, the first husband and wife were Adam and Eve. In the story of creation, God created man according to His image and likeness on the sixth day. He made man the steward of all His beautiful creations. God said in Genesis 2.18, â€Å"It is not good for the man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him.† So God had Adam fell asleep, and took one of his ribs. Out of the rib God created the woman. Then Adam said in Genesis 2.23, â€Å"This is now bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh; she shall be called ‘woman,’ for she was taken out of man.† So this is the love story of our great, great, great, great, great grandparents. If you are interested to know the ending of our love story, read Genesis to find out. If we are to analyze our course verse (Gen. 2.24), a man will leave his parents and will be united with the woman as one. They are no longer two separate, different individuals, but they are one. Marriage binds this two unrelated people into a sacred union. The man will now live not only for his own but for his wife. Same is true for the woman. Both will â€Å"forget† themselves and will create a new self out of two obviously different individuals. This is in accordance to 1 Corinthians 7.4 ­, â€Å"The wife’s body does not belong to her alone but also to her husband. In the same way, the husband’s body does not belong to him alone but also to his wife.† Also in Ephesians 5.28, â€Å"In this same way, husbands ought to love their wives as their own bodies. He who loves his wife loves himself.† These two Bible passages do not refer to the physical body alone but to whole identity of the man and woman—physical, mental, emotional, social, spiritual, and let’s add financial. Being united as one, husbands and wives share resources. The â€Å"I† mentality is no longer applicable in marriage. It’s now the â€Å"us† or the â€Å"we.† A man’s burden is also his wife’s burden. A man’s achievements are also his wife’s achievements. A man’s failure is also his wife’s failure. A man’s dreams are also his wife’s dreams. In Genesis 2.18, God said that it is not good for a man to be alone. So He created a â€Å"helper† suitable for the man. â€Å"Helper† does not literally mean a house helper, or a slave, or a maidservant. Helper here means a co-worker; a colleague; and the most appropriate description of a helper, a partner. A husband now has a partner in everything. He has someone to share his goals, visions, aspirations, problems, weaknesses, and frustrations. He has someone to help him make decisions. He has someone he can rely on anytime. He has someone to grow old with. God binds a man and a woman in marriage. â€Å"So they are no longer two, but one. Therefore what God has joined together, let man not separate† (Matthew 19.6). It is very clear that no man should cause the fall out of anyone’s marriage. It is very clear that God’s plan in the very beginning is a lasting marriage for husbands and wives. Unfortunately, even during Moses’ time, divorce was already a show stopper. â€Å"If a man marries a woman who becomes displeasing to him because he finds something indecent about her, and he writes her a certificate of divorce, gives it to her and sends her from his house† (Deuteronomy 24.1). For the record, this was not God’s original plan. Laws for divorce were made because of the Israelites’ hard-headedness. But they could only file for a divorce if either one was proven guilty of marital unfaithfulness. â€Å"I tell you that anyone who divorces his wife, except for marital unfaithfulness, and marries another woman commits adultery† (Matthew 19.9). This is for the husband’s case. For the wife’s case, â€Å"So then, if she marries another man while her husband is still alive, she is called an adulteress. But if her husband dies, she is released from that law and is not an adulteress, even though she marries another man† (Romans 7.3). Paul, in his first letter to the Corinthians, also addressed the issue on divorce. â€Å"To the married I give this command (not I, but the Lord): A wife must not separate from her husband. But if she does, she must remain unmarried or else be reconciled to her husband. And a husband must not divorce his wife† (1 Corinthians 7.10–11). The Holy Bible, from the Old Testament up to the New Testament, has teachings on divorce. This is how important and sacred marriage is for God. He wants every man and woman to enjoy the companion of each other. Hardships, troubles, and problems happened in marriage not to break it but to strengthen it. Some were not able to withstand the pressure brought about by these problems and ended their marriage. There are married couples today, who are having problems with their relationship, opt for divorce, believing that this is the best solution for their problems. What comes after divorce? Annulment, the couples now arrange the invalidation, dissolution, termination of their marriage contract.   The sacredness of marriage is slowly being neglected. If fact, there were some who re-marry after annulment. Marriage is a lifetime vow. Only death can separate a husband from her wife. This is God’s original plan. 1 Corinthians 7.39 says, â€Å"A woman is bound to her husband as long as he lives. But if her husband dies, she is free to marry anyone she wishes, but he must belong to the Lord.† In this verse, the wife is only freed from the marriage vow because of the death of her husband. God wants every husband and wife to enjoy their vow as long as they live. How can a marriage last? Married couples who put God in the center of their relationship will definitely last. God, being the author of one’s life, never fails anyone who trusts and completely obeys His will. In Proverbs 16.3, â€Å"Commit to the Lord whatever you do, and your plans will succeed,† God assures married couples that whatever plans they have, success is an assurance, provided that they commit their lives to the Lord. God has given many advices on how to have a successful marriage. All of these can be found in the Holy Bible. So it is advisable for everyone, not for married couples only, to meditate the Word of God day and night (Joshua 1.8) because the Holy Bible contains God’s laws, promises, blessings, curses, and precautions that will serve as our guide. In Colossians 3.18, God instructed wives to submit to their husbands because this is His will. Husbands are also required to love their wives and never ever be harsh to them (Colossians 3.19). One marriage conflict is who has the authority over the family. In Colossians 3.18, wives should submit to their husbands. Also recall that God created man to become the steward of His creation. Woman was created to become man’s helper or a partner steward of God’s creations. Another answer to who has the authority over the family is written in Ephesians 5.23–24, â€Å"For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church, his body, of which he is the Savior. Now as the church submits to Christ, so also wives should submit to their husbands in everything.† Wives submission to their husbands does not mean that the husbands are in charge of everything. As partners, they are both involved in decision-making and planning. But wives should acknowledge the fact that their husbands are the team leaders of the family. As team leaders, husbands preside the â€Å"meeting† and distribute the task to the whole members of the family. 1 Peter 3.1–2 says, â€Å"Wives, in the same way be submissive to your husbands so that, if any of them do not believe the word, they may be won over without words by the behavior of their wives, when they see the purity and reverence of your lives.† Actions speak louder than words. If someone’s husband is still an unbeliever, the actions of his wife, according to the previous Bible passage, can make the husband become interested in learning God’s words. According to Proverbs 12.4, â€Å"A wife of noble character is her husband’s crown, but a disgraceful wife is like decay in his bones.† So a wife’s submissive attitude is worthy for her husband will truly respect her. Not only that, God will be pleased with her because according to 1 Peter 3.4, â€Å"Instead, it should be that of your inner self, the unfading beauty of a gentle and quite spirit, which is of great worth in God’s sight.† Though wives should submit to their husbands, the husbands in turn should not abuse their wives submissiveness. â€Å"Husbands, in the same way be considerate as you live with your wives, and treat them with respect as the weaker partner and as heirs with you of the gracious gift of life, so that nothing will hinder your prayer.† (1 Peter 3.7) The Book of Proverbs says how precious a husband’s wife is and why she deserves to earn her husband’s respect, â€Å"He who finds a wife finds what is good and receives favor from the LORD† (Proverbs 18.22); â€Å"Houses and wealth are inherited from parents, but a prudent wife is from the LORD† (Proverbs 19.14). So a prudent, well-respected wife is the Lord’s gift to faithful husband. Respect, aside from love, is a very important component of marriage. Respect in fact is one way of showing love to your husband or to your wife. Never ever disrespect your husband or your wife for this could be the start of a misunderstanding. God had promised Abraham that he will become the father of all nations and that his children will become as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore (Genesis 22.17). The fulfillment of this promise is dependent on procreation, which is legitimate to married couples. Even before God revealed the promise to Abraham, He already declared that He will increase the number of humans on Earth, â€Å"So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them. God blessed them and said to them, be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it† (Genesis 1.27–28). To this day, many recognize Abraham as the father of all nations. God’s promise was fulfilled. God loves man so much that He encourages the procreation of many men. Man, among all God’s creation, is the most especial creation because man is created according to His own image and likeness. He enjoys seeing His wonderful creation. Above all, God considers men His children. â€Å"Marry and have sons and daughters; find wives for your sons and give your daughters in marriage, so that they too may have sons and daughters. Increase in number there; do not decrease† (Jeremiah 29.6). In the book authored by Rick Warren, The Purpose-Driven Life, he identified the five main reasons why God created man. Man is created to worship God, to have fellowship with other men, to be trained to become Christ’s disciplines, to participate in God’s ministries, and to evangelize the words of God. God deserves to be worshipped. God loves to see His wonderful creations worshipping Him. Through marriage, more men will worship God. This is way God wants men to increase in number, not to decrease. Because God wants to see many men giving Him praise. Men should have fellowship with one another. God wants to see how His wonderful creations enjoy the company of one another. Fellowship is one way to develop a harmonious relationship among God’s children. Fellowship is also a training ground for us to become disciplines of Christ. Once trained, we can now participate in God’s ministries. And most of all, we His children are being prepared to evangelize, to spread the Good News of salvation. You may think that this is no longer related to marriage. But all these things started from the union of a man and a woman. Above all, everything has started from the wonderful plan of God for us. God wants to establish a nation of men who will worship Him. To do this, our God created the universe, which we know as the story of creation. To start the nation, He created a man and a woman. God created marriage so this man and woman could start to procreate and increase the number of men and women on Earth. Millions of years had past. Today is our present time. Today, many men and women submitted to the vow of marriage. Unfortunately, many marriages encountered so many problems. Unfortunately, these problems cause the destruction of some marriages. The sacredness of marriage is not preserved. Procreation, which should be done under the oath of marriage, is related now to pre-marital sex. God has a perfect plan for us. God made marriage to be sacred and holy. Divorce is detestable to God. Let us spread the awareness on the true reasons why God created marriage. God gave us the Holy Bible to be our guide in our daily living. The Holy Bible has many teachings on marriage. Marriage is supposed to unite a man and a woman deeply in love with one another. Marriage is a lifetime relationship. Marriage combines two persons into one. God, through marriage, created one individual out of two. What God has created, no one should separate. More importantly, marriage is the very reason life continues to exist.   WORK CITED The Holy Bible, New International Version. USA: International Bible Society, 1984. Warren, Rick. The Purpose-Driven Life: What on Earth Am I Here For? USA: 2002.

Behaviors of two Revenue and Profit Maximization: A Companion of Two Economic Models

Revenue is often simplified in economics or basic finance projections to â€Å"Price x Quantity† (the price of a good times the number of goods sold) though it is rarely this simple in actuality. Net revenue (revenue – returns) is used when sales returns are a factor in the business (http://en. wikipedia. org)†. â€Å"Our first look at firm behavior comes within the context of perfect competition. What comes below is a step-by-step explanation of how perfectly competitive firms maximize their profits, both algebraically and graphically, and a discussion of our result (http://www. louisville. edu)†.Remember that, in perfectly competitive markets, no individual firm has any influence over the market price (since there are many firms and each is a small player in the overall market). Since each firm's product is identical to that of other firms (i. e. products are homogeneous), all firms face the same price. Objectives The paper is a summary of a journal of ec onomic literature. This article is about revenue versus profit maximization. This covers the differences of behavior by the type of control and market power. Also, it illustrates the different behaviors and model firms can use to profit and revenue.Profit maximization was used to critically evaluate the different article models. Revenues versus Profit maximization: Differences in Behavior by the Type of Control and by Market Power Professor Baumol did not favor to the neoclassical theory. He suggested maximizing the total revenues not the profit. This is so called minimum profit constraint or rather spotty observation of business behavior. It is purposely to test empirically the maximization revenues (RM). So it’s expected that large firms falls into specification firms. To which, is in turn into two classifications; Olig holistic firm and owner’s interest firm.The first type of firm is further classified as to the theory of â€Å"Oligopoly†. While the owner int erest firm, the second type means no management interest. While firms cannot individually influence the market price through their actions, they can collectively. Therefore, our starting point will be the market demand and supply curves. These are the same demand and supply curves from the earlier material on Consumer Theory (i. e. they do all the same tricks, like demand shifting when there's a change in income, which those other demand and supply curves did.

How to Calculate the 7 Cost Measures

How to Calculate the 7 Cost Measures There are many definitions relating to cost, including the following seven terms: Marginal costTotal costFixed costTotal variable costAverage total costAverage fixed costAverage variable cost The data you need  to  compute these seven figures  probably will come in one of three forms: A table that provides data on total cost and quantity producedA linear equation relating total cost (TC) and quantity produced (Q)A nonlinear equation relating total cost (TC) and quantity produced (Q) Following are definitions of the terms and explanations of how the three situations should be dealt with. Defining Terms of Cost Marginal cost  is the cost a company incurs when producing one more good. Suppose its producing two goods, and company officials would like to know how much costs would increase if production was increased to three goods. The difference is the marginal cost of going from two to three. It can be calculated thus: Marginal Cost (from 2 to 3) Total Cost of Producing 3 – Total Cost of Producing 2 For example, if it costs $600 to produce three goods and $390 to produce two goods, the difference is 210, so thats the marginal cost. Total cost  is simply all the costs incurred in producing a certain number of goods. Fixed costs  are the costs that are independent of the number of goods produced, or  the costs incurred when no goods are produced. Total variable cost is the opposite of fixed costs. These are the costs that change when more is produced. For instance, the total variable cost of producing four units is calculated thus: Total Variable Cost of Producing 4 units Total Cost of Producing 4 Units – Total Cost of Producing 0 units In this case, let’s say it costs $840 to produce four units and $130 to produce none. Total variable costs when four units are produced  is $710 since 840-130710.   Average total cost  is the total  cost over the number of units produced. So if the company produces five units, the formula is: Average Total Cost of Producing 5 units Total Cost of Producing 5 units / Number of Units If the total cost of producing five units is $1200, average total cost is $1200/5 $240. Average fixed cost  is fixed costs over the number of units produced, given by the formula: Average Fixed Cost Total Fixed Costs / Number of Units The formula for average variable costs is: Average Variable Cost Total Variable Costs / Number of Units Table of Given Data Sometimes a table or chart will give you the marginal cost, and youll need to figure the total cost. You can figure the total cost of producing two goods by using the equation: Total Cost of Producing 2 Total Cost of Producing 1 Marginal Cost (1 to 2) A chart will typically provide information regarding the cost of producing one good, the marginal cost  ,and fixed costs. Lets say the cost of producing one good is $250, and the marginal cost of producing another good is $140. The total cost would be $250 $140 $390. So the total cost of producing two goods is $390. Linear Equations Lets say you want to calculate marginal cost, total cost, fixed cost, total variable cost, average total cost, average fixed cost, and  average variable cost  when given a linear equation regarding total cost and quantity. Linear equations are equations without logarithms. As an example, let’s use the equation TC 50 6Q. That means the total cost goes up by 6 whenever an additional good is added, as shown by the coefficient in front of the Q. This means there is a constant marginal cost of $6 per unit produced. Total cost is represented by TC. Thus, if we want to calculate the total cost for a specific quantity, all we need to do is substitute the quantity for Q. So the total cost of producing 10 units is 50 6 X 10 110. Remember that fixed cost is the cost we incur when no units are produced. So to find the fixed cost, substitute in Q 0 to the equation. The result is 50 6 X 0 50. So our fixed cost is $50. Recall that total variable costs are the non-fixed costs incurred when Q units are produced. So total variable costs can be calculated with the equation: Total Variable Costs Total Costs – Fixed Costs Total cost is 50 6Q and, as just explained, fixed cost is $50 in this example. Therefore, total variable cost is (50 6Q) – 50, or 6Q. Now we can calculate total variable cost at a given point by substituting for Q. To find the average total cost (AC), you need to average total costs over the number of units produced. Take the total cost formula of TC 50 6Q and divide the right side to get average total costs. This looks like AC (50 6Q)/Q 50/Q 6. To get average total cost at a specific point, substitute for the Q. For example, average total cost of producing 5 units is 50/5 6 10 6 16. Similarly, divide fixed costs by the number of units produced to find average fixed costs. Since our fixed costs are 50, our average fixed costs are 50/Q. To calculate average variable costs, divide variable costs by Q. Since variable costs are 6Q, average variable costs are 6. Notice that average variable cost does not depend on quantity produced and is the same as marginal cost. This is one of the special features of the linear model, but it wont hold with a nonlinear formulation. Nonlinear Equations Nonlinear total cost equations are total cost equations that tend to be more complicated than the linear case, particularly in the case of marginal cost where calculus is used in the analysis. For this exercise, let’s consider the following two equations: TC 34Q3  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24Q 9TC Q log(Q2) The most accurate way of calculating the marginal cost is with calculus. Marginal cost is essentially the rate of change of total cost, so it is the first derivative of total cost. So using the  two given equations for total cost, take the first derivate of total cost to find the expressions for marginal cost: TC 34Q3  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24Q 9TC’ MC 102Q2  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24TC Q log(Q2)TC’ MC 1 1/(Q2) So when total cost is 34Q3  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24Q 9, marginal cost is 102Q2  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24, and when total cost is Q log(Q2), marginal cost is 1 1/(Q2). To find the marginal cost for a given quantity, just substitute the value for Q into each expression. For total cost, the formulas are given. Fixed cost is found when Q 0. When total costs are 34Q3  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24Q 9, fixed costs are 34 X 0 – 24 X 0 9 9. This is the same answer you get if you eliminate all the Q terms, but this will not always be the case. When total costs are Q log(Q2), fixed costs are 0 log(0 2) log(2) 0.30. So although all the terms in our equation have a Q in them, our fixed cost is 0.30, not 0. Remember that total variable cost  is found by: Total Variable Cost Total Cost – Fixed Cost Using the first equation, total costs are 34Q3  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24Q 9 and fixed cost  is 9, so total variable costs are 34Q3  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24Q. Using the second total cost equation, total costs are Q log(Q2) and fixed cost is log(2), so total variable costs are Q log(Q2) – 2. To get the average total cost, take the total cost equations and divide them by Q. So for the first equation with a total cost of 34Q3  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24Q 9, the average total cost is 34Q2  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24 (9/Q). When total costs are Q log(Q2), average total costs are 1 log(Q2)/Q. Similarly, divide fixed costs by the number of units produced to get average fixed costs. So when fixed costs are 9, average fixed costs are 9/Q. And when fixed costs are log(2), average fixed costs are log(2)/9. To calculate average variable costs, divide variable costs by Q. In the first given equation, total variable cost is 34Q3  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24Q, so average variable cost is 34Q2  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 24. In the second equation, total variable cost is Q log(Q2) – 2, so average variable cost is 1 log(Q2)/Q – 2/Q.

Sustainability Factors Of Yakan Weaving Tourism Essay Essays

Sustainability Factors Of Yakan Weaving Tourism Essay Essays Sustainability Factors Of Yakan Weaving Tourism Essay Essay Sustainability Factors Of Yakan Weaving Tourism Essay Essay Abstraction The survey was conducted in High land Village, Upper Calarian Zamboanga City to analyse the sustainability of Yakan weaving for the economic development of the community. Specifically, the survey aimed to find the factors that promote the sustainability of the Yakan weaving industry as a community economic development scheme, to find the sensed part of Yakan weaving to the societal, economic and environmental facets of the Yakan community and to urge development schemes and policies to guarantee the sustainability of Yakan weaving. Survey research method was used with a entire numbering of 52 family respondents. An FGD with 15 weavers shacking in the small town was conducted. Datas were processed and analyzed utilizing Statistical Package for Social Science ( SPSS ) package. Consequences of the survey revealed that the uninterrupted weaving activities of the local people developed the trait of the following coevals. It developed a shared duty of keeping the cognition and continuing the endogenous trade in the Yakan folk. Marketing schemes to advance the Yakan merchandises is really low, since each member individually worked for his/her ain economic endurance. The deficiency of managerial accomplishments to run the co-op, production and direction of the resources was comparatively hapless. Linkages with authorities bureaus and private entities turned out to be selective and non- participative. The folk in Basilan where the majority of the merchandises came from did non take off from its traditional province of being backward as shown by their values and patterns. The industry can non do it entirely. The authorities should acknowledge the values and potencies of the folk and utilize this as focal point for sustained development planning. The folk must hold a major function in the development of their community. Hence, farther support is needed to supply a self-sufficient community and heighten the potencies and growing of the Yakan handcraft industry. Introduction Basilan is an island state located in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ( ARMM ) . It is the place to the Yakans, the dominant tribal civilization in Basilan. Yakan adult females are renowned for their beautiful weaving. The Basilan urban population, peculiarly Christians, have late been vulnerable to nobble by the Islamic terrorist group. Tourism should be an of import beginning of commercialism and occupation creative activity. Yet, it is negligible in Basilan and will develop merely when visitant s safety can be assured. In footings of homo development index ( HDI ) , it ranks as one of the poorest states in the Philippines ( UNDP Philippines HDI, 2005 ) .These nobbling incidents in Basilan had affected so much the reputes of the Yakans. It was found out that some members of the Rebel groups are Yakans. As a beginning of gross, snatch by the terrorist group Abu Sayyaf, nevertheless, is deterrent to the development of touristry industry in Basilan ( Hakim, 2002 ) . Due to political agitation, some of the Yakans settled in Zamboanga City. They have besides become victims of war. The authorities s war against the Abu Sayyaf brigand group about destroyed the established weaving small towns. Therefore, many of them had to travel to neighbouring countries of Zamboanga Peninsula and abandoned their places. The weavers stayed in this small town, at the tallness of the struggle in Basilan ( Sherfan, 2009 ) . Weaving is non merely to maintain a tradition for the Yakans, but besides a manner to maintain the people off from hungriness. The Yakans weave even during emptyings. They bring pieces of their designs that they have inherited from their grandparents. So, whenever they set up a little community in some other countries, they bring out the design of weaving stuffs ( Wulff, 1974 ) . In the present policy context of globalisation, most of the alternate attempts to contend unemployment and to bring forth economic growing are focused at the community. Small endeavors are efficaciously promoted through aid plans because they provide employment and income chances. In the community, employment creative activity means up income, in peculiar extra income for adult females. Women play the major function in handcraft activities ( Mohrmann, 2003 ) . For development to be successful it has to be sustainable. A World Bank survey showed that communities do non perpetrate themselves to a development project unless this corresponds to their deeply felt demands. Peoples should be able to want the agencies and motive for their development ( World Bank, 1994 ) . The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997, enacted and approved in October 1997 highlights the of import concern of the national authorities to elate the province of autochthonal people in support of their development. Republic Act No. 8371 declares that aˆthe province shall acknowledge, regard and protect the rights of autochthonal cultural communities and autochthonal people to continue and to develop their civilization, traditions and establishments. When sing sustainable preservation schemes, local cognition provides the footing for problem-solving for local communities. It represents an of import constituent of development. Local trade cognition is valuable for resource direction ( Batani, 2003 ) . The production and handling of at that place needs to hold documented to forestall its loss as it is important for preservation issues. By look intoing first what local communities know and how the authorities can better apprehension of local conditions and supply productive activ ities designed to assist the communities. Knowledge, non capital, is the key to prolong constituent of any state s cognition system ( Adelman and Morris, 1973 ) . Autochthonal cognition is the cardinal component of societal capital of the hapless. It is their chief plus to put in the battle for endurance, to bring forth nutrient, to supply for shelter or to accomplish control of their ain lives. Autochthonal patterns are closely interlacing with people s cultural values that are passed down from coevals to coevals ( Cabanilla, 1998 ) . However, much autochthonal cognition is presently at hazard of extinction because of quickly altering natural environment, every bit good as economic, political, and cultural alterations on a planetary graduated table. Practices can disappear under a struggle province ( Imporio and Cacha, 1995 ) . In relation to the Yakan economic development, this autochthonal weaving community must be protected to continue their cultural individuality and unity brought about by their autochthonal cognition and available cultural hoarded wealths. The continued being of the weaving activity has been recognized as one factor to develop the community ( World Bank, 1999 ) . This survey analyzed the sustainability of Yakan weaving for the economic development of the community. Specifically, it aimed to find the factors that promote the sustainability of the Yakan weaving industry as a community economic development scheme and the sensed part of Yakan weaving to the societal, economic and environmental facets of the Yakan community and to urge development schemes and policies to guarantee the sustainability of Yakan weaving. Method The survey was conducted in Highland Village Upper Calarian, Zamboanga City in May, 2010. The major consideration in the site choice is the being of a local weaving cognition and pattern. Yakan weavers stayed in this small town at the tallness of the struggle in Basilan. The unit of analysis was the family respondent remaining in the small town for at least five old ages. A combination of both quantitative and qualitative analyses was used to explicate and to construe the consequences of the survey. Frequency counts, percent distribution, means, scope, and weighted mean mark were obtained to depict the respondents profile and the variables in the survey. Narratives and narratives of cardinal sources were collected to foreground the development of weaving, get downing from 1970 when the evacuees settled in the small town. Research participants and cardinal sources were chosen based on the undermentioned standards ; 1 ) Yakans who migrated in the small town with the household in 1970 ; 2 ) Resident Yakans who were knowing on countries of research concern. ; 3 ) Yakan weaving is the major beginning of support ; 4 ) Family members who reside in the small town. Merely 15 household-respondents were purposively selected from the 52 families in the small town to function as FGD participants. These 15 families were the lone 1s engaged in weaving at the clip of the survey. This is on the premiss that a weaver actively participates in community activities. The focal point group treatment technique involved the research worker in moderating and easing the treatment among the weavers peculiarly in the market research. For the family study, all the 52 families were interviewed. The research worker employed the aid of a native Yakan for better communicating. Interview was used to garner information about the nature and status of the people and the community. The structured interview agenda consisted of close and open-ended inquiries on behavioural features of families toward the handcraft industry, the community resources and its part to community economic development. Pre-testing was conducted in the development of quantitative study points. Survey points were pre-tested on the Samal colony to prove the dependability of the inquiry points. Primary informations were collected through personal interviews with the occupants within the Yakan small town. Data answered inquiries refering the Yakan civilization, pattern and current position of weaving. A questionnaire was devised to obtain descriptive information from the identified participants. Likewise, cardinal sources were interviewed to supplement the consequences of the respondent interviews. Secondary informations on the socio-economic profile and biophysical description of the survey sites were obtained from the Barangay Office of Upper Calarian, Zamboanga. Secondary informations consisted of maps, old exposure, barangay records and old paperss reviewed to obtain information about the people, their traditional patterns, and daily activities. The information besides served as footing in explicating unstructured and open-ended inquiries which were used in the interview. The research worker took portion and was involved in societal activities of the folk like nuptialss and house approvals. The purpose is for the research worker to derive a closer penetration into the civilization s patterns, motives and emotions. The research worker s ability to understand the experiences of the civilization may be inhibited if she observed without take parting. The majority of the informations and information came from the research worker s direct observation of several Yakan activities p eculiarly in the weaving procedure. This provided greater penetrations and knowledge about this autochthonal people and their community. Consequences Majority of the respondents were female because weaving is attributed to the adult females of the folk. Twenty-three were evacuees from Basilan at the tallness of the insurgence job. Aside from weaving, the Yakans besides engaged in other beginnings of income. The absence of the caput of the household is explained that they went back to Basilan to take attention of their farm. The research worker noted a strong opposition to informations assemblage in the folk. Table 1 revealed that about all of the respondents were non affiliated to any organisation. Majority learned the art of weaving through observation from their female parents and grandmas. Weaving as an activity maintains the Yakan cultural individuality and community development projects. Table 1. Focus Group Discussion ( FGD ) Participants Membership To Any Organization Population Size ( N ) Percentage ( % ) Yes 5 33.3 No 10 66.7 Entire 15 100 Mean 7.5 50 Organization Name: Albarakkattu Multi-purpose co-op Position: Auditor/Secretary Reason for Joining: For Coop enrollment Table 2 revealed that bulk of the weavers rated their linkages with co-weavers ( 73.3 % ) really high, with purchasers and clients, really low, with bargainers ( 66.7 % ) centrist while linkages with national establishments, local authorities units, and recognition establishments were rated as low. It besides showed that the really low degree of linkages was due to the fact that national bureaus were non consistent and establishments proficient aid was really limited. It indicated attending to better the Yakan handcraft industry. Table 2. Appraisal of the Level of Linkages of Weavers Linkage Frequency Of Percentage ( n = 52 ) Very High High Moderate Low With co-weavers 73.3 26.7 With buyers/Customers With bargainers 66.7 33.3 With other establishment 26.7 73.3 With LGU 20 80 Table 3 revealed that bulk of the respondents perceived that weaving contributed much to the family in the sense that it strengthened their networking ( 92 % ) and community affinity ties ( 96 % ) ; it promoted community engagement ( 62 % ) . It besides strengthened their local civilization and heritage ( 96 % ) , and it has improved community individuality ( 85 % ) . Community weaving built and bridged societal capital between persons and among members of the community. Exchanging of information enabled them to organize attempts to work out therefore jobs in the community. Persons and community issues were addressed through coaction and shared resources. Weaving raised consciousness and it has enhanced creativeness, invention, and cooperation. Table 3. Degree of Perceived Socio-Cultural Contribution of Yakan Weaving Indexs Percentage ( n = 52 ) Very Much Much Moderate Small None Encourages formation of a co-op 73 19 8 Strengthens networking 16 81 3 Strengthens community affinity ties 96 4 Promotes community engagement 100 Enhance community self- trust 77 23 Enhance subject and duty 75 16 9 Promote coaction and partnership 69 23 8 Strengthens local civilization and heritage 100 Improves community individuality 100 In footings of part to economic sustainability, Table 4 showed that most of the respondents perceived that the economic part of the handcraft industry to the family has provided footings of supplying support to the community ( 100 % ) . It has provided extra income for adult females ( 100 % ) , therefore making extra concern ( 94 % ) . It has enhanced accomplishment ( 88 % ) , and has created new occupation for the community ( 100 % ) . Weaving has sustained the support of the community and has provided extra income to the household. Because adult females constituted 80 % of entire respondents, therefore, there is a greater infinite for adult females authorization. Table 4. Degree of Perceive Economic Contribution of Yakan Weaving Industry Indexs Percentage ( N = 52 ) Very Much Much Moderate Small None Provides support to the community 100 Improves ability to do concern determination 8 62 30 Provides extra income for adult females 100 Creates extra concern 100 Enhances accomplishments 100 Creates new occupations for the community 100 Helps increase grosss for the community 100 Improves merchandise Quality designs 54 46 More just entree to resources and benefits 35 65 The societal and economic parts of weaving as perceived by the family respondents were corroborated by the FGD participants ( Table 5 ) . On the societal facet, weaving promotes self-help, belongingness, cultural values, and networking. On the economic facet, weaving enables the weavers to gain extra income, generate employment, function as beginning of support, and aid in poorness decrease. Table 5. Contribution Of The Weaving Industry To The Household As Perceived By The FGD Participants ( N=15 ) Aspect Contribution at the Household Level Frequency Social Self aid 1 Belongingness 2 Promotes cultural values 2 Social networking 1 Economic Very minimum Income 1 Extra income 2 Employment 2 Poverty decrease 2 Beginning of support 2 Table 6 showed that the respondents perceived several factors that have negative consequence on environmental sustainability. Environmental protection, consciousness on wellness and sanitation are important for the community to better life in the small town. Traditional ways and values need to be reassessed to retain and develop those that help accomplish better environment and life conditions and to alter those that affect life adversely. Table 6. Environmental Percept Frequency ( n = 52 ) Percentage Garbage disposal in the small town is a job 4 7.69 Lack of clean H2O 4 7.69 Peace and order resulted in environmental job. 5 9.62 Tourist are afraid to see the metropolis due to nobbling menaces 4 7.69 Issues of local support ignored 4 7.69 Awareness of wellness and sanitation is addressed 2 3.85 Yakans are witting of environmental protection 2 3.85 Can non run into the demands of the market due to the peace and order state of affairs 4 7.69 Environmental issues are non given precedences 2 3.85 Weavers are diminishing due to other economic chances 4 7.69 Weaving creates community individuality 4 7.69 Strengthens community ties through community engagement during festival 4 7.69 As shown in Table 7, the survey recommended some development schemes and policies to guarantee the sustainability of Yakan weaving. Table 7. Proposed Development Strategies And Policies For Sustainable Yakan Weaving Sustainability Enabling Environment Scheme Socio- cultural Sustainability Preservation of endogenous cognition ( Yakan weaving ) . The adult females weave even during emptying, wherever they set up a little community in some countries, they bring out the design of weaving stuffs. Integration of civilization and humanistic disciplines in the simple and high school course of study in topics like sibika and cultura. Technological Sustainability Traditional stuffs change to modern stuffs in weaving. In malice of the devastation of workss because of war, the industry was sustained through the used of man-made and modern narrations. Initiate coordination of the local National Indigenous Research Center and DTI to organize with the autochthonal folk to associate local cognition with modern development. Organizational Sustainability- Participation and engagement of the Yakan community in planning and determination devising. The weaving country becomes the locale to discourse certain issues in the small town and planning for future activities. Organize and develop a underside up attack, witting and originative engagement of the small town people in concerted and corporate activities. Institutional sustainability Linkages to different bureaus relative to their degree and engagement of involvement with the community handcraft. Engagement of Lami lamihan festival and other domistic trade menus and exhibits. Identify local organisation that can advance community direction and development of local resources ( Tourism, DTI, NIRC ) . Fiscal sustainability Key to long term sustainability is self bring forthing income. Weavers go to bargainers to purchase the commercial togss and subsequently pay this with finish woven merchandises. Initiate and resuscitate the Albarakkattu multi-purpose weaving co-op. Discussion The growing and development of each community must trust chiefly on the homo and natural resources of its ain environment. Autonomy attack is doing usage of the endogenous local possibilities and resources, with appropriate aid from outside where necessary, be mobilized and exploited to bring forth goods and services which will prolong and better the quality of life of all the people and besides lay the foundation for self-sustaining, and autonomous growing and development. Community Economic Development ( CED ) is an attack that recognizes that economic, environmental and societal challenges are mutualist, complex and ever-changing. Over the old ages, alterations in the status of Yakan weaving were influenced by the experiences and exposures of Yakan weavers to the environment, autochthonal or cultural engineering, market system and touristry activities. Weaving is Yakan s ain heritage. It is the lone heritage that they can truly name their ain. It has the capacity to convey approximately development because it focuses on the local people s involvement and expertness. Local cognition is a valuable resource to let family to achieve sustainability. CED is an action by the people to make locally economic chances and better societal conditions, peculiarly for those who are most deprived. In relation to the Yakan community development, these people did non use their strength to take part jointly and to better their life status. The war in Basilan resulted to the breakage of the Yakan community and the exposure of weavers to the outside communities brought a batch of alterations. Young coevals Yakans changed their attitude toward their weaving patterns and values. Young adult females travel out of the community to function as domestic assistants abroad and merely direct money to their several households. Practices associated with weaving are easy disappearing. There is besides minimum motive because of really small support from establishments with development concerns. The national authorities high spots the of import concern to elate the province of autochthonal people in support of their development. Republic act No. 8371 enacted and approved in October 1997 provided an avenue to acknowledge the Yakan autochthonal group. Since economic and societal inequality are the separating characteristics of most endogenous folk, development and growing must, in the first topographic point, be oriented toward the soundless bulk. Traditional engineerings are treasure houses of experience. They have no pick but to trust on traditional engineering. Although the small town in Upper Calarian displays improved living conditions as shown by their houses and properties, a few households are still populating for their ain endurance particularly those whose income is derived singly from selling their ain woven merchandises. Marketing schemes to advance the Yakan merchandises are really low since each member individually worked on his/her ain for economic endurance. Dependence on weaving is the highest among the widows and hapless families. Yakan weavers are confronting greater troubles peculiarly on fiscal facet. The deficiency of managerial accomplishments to run the co-op, production and direction of the resources were comparatively hapless. Linkages with authorities bureaus and private entities turned out to be selective and non-participative. Some were non involved as members of the co-op. Furthermore, the Yakan community in Basilan where the majority of the merchandise came from did non take off from its traditional province of being backward as shown by their values and patterns in small town jubilation attended by its seniors. Resistance to alter is really strongly apparent in this Yakan community by its refusal to go member of any organisation. In the face of present challenges, Yakan weaving industry can non do it entirely. Organizations need to be set up to support the involvement of little enterprisers. Government bureaus and non- authorities establishments should acknowledge the values and potencies of the folk and utilize this as a focal point for sustained development planning. It was recommended that the National Indigenous Resource Center co-ordinate with local organisations and associate local cognition with modern development. It can move as an organiser, facilitator in finding what precedences and ends to put. Thus, the local authorities can find what outside support is required in footings of financess, proficient aid, supplies and general direction advice. It can besides associate up with and set up the nature of cooperation with establishments and persons interested in autochthonal local cognition. It can besides set up an award system for outstanding plants and workers on autochthonal local cognition ( ILK ) for publicity and prestigiousness. One of the recommendations on research and development is that a research be conducted on sustainability development of the Yakan weaving in a struggle province within the ecological and societal dimension. Another is on the function of the adult females in the Yakan weaving peculiarly in the care and saving of cultural heritage. Last, a survey on the selling schemes of the Yakan weavers in relation to concern minutess may besides be conducted. On the community organisation, it was recommended that there is a demand to first accomplish significant attitudinal re- orientation. The local people should be involved in determination doing alternatively of being treated as marks. The community must develop positive attitude to ILK, so it can be a beginning of pride instead than shame. In the face of present challenges, the Yakan community can non make it entirely. The local people must hold a major function in the development of their community. Respected and knowing seniors should organize commissions to cover with LGU and other organisations on an equal footing on be aftering what to make and where to get down. Furthermore, both the LGU and community organisations may carry on seminars to point the local people about the effectual agencies of conveying development through a bottom-up attack where the community can supply inside information, can take part in determination devising and can assist oversee execution.

Saying Hello in French

Saying Hello in French Greetings are an essential part of French social etiquette. The most important and common greeting is  bonjour, which means hello, good day, or even hi. There are also other ways to say hello or greet someone in French, but its important to understand what greetings are acceptable in various social contexts. Youll also need to familiarize yourself with greetings that are considered informal versus those that you would use in more formal settings. Bonjour- The Most Common Greeting Saying bonjour is the most common way to greet someone in French. Its a flexible, all-purpose term: You use it to greet people in the morning, afternoon, or evening. Bonjour is always polite, and it works in any situation. In France, you need to say  bonjour  when entering a place.  Whether you are talking to a single salesperson  or entering a crowded bakery, greet them by saying  bonjour. For example, if there are a few people sitting at a table you are approaching or several acquaintances are drinking  un expresso  at the bar as you walk up to them,  greet them with a friendly  bonjour.   If you are talking to one person, it is polite in French to use courtesy titles when you say hello, as in:   Bonjour, madame  (Mrs.)Bonjour, monsieur  (Mr.)Bonjour,  mademoiselle  (Miss) Its acceptable to say bonjour by itself- without using courtesy titles- if you are greeting several people, such as when you enter une boulangerie  (a bakery) packed with a line of customers. Bonsoir- The Evening Hello Use bonsoir  to say hello in the evening. Since the  hour that nighttime arrives in France can vary greatly  depending on the season, generally start saying bonsoir around 6 p.m. You can also use bonsoir when you leave- so long as its still evening. Beware of Salut Salut (pronounced with a silent t) is commonly used in France, although it is extremely informal: Its the equivalent of saying hey in English.  Avoid using salut  with people you dont know unless you are a teenager. If you are in doubt, stick with bonjour, which- as noted- is always an acceptable form of greeting. You can also use salut  to say goodbye  in an informal setting among close friends, but there are better ways to  say goodbye in French. Gestures Associated With Bonjour If you say bonjour to a group of strangers- such as when you are  entering a shop- you need not add any gestures, though you may nod your head a bit, and of course smile. If you know the person you are greeting with bonjour, you would either shake his hand- a frank, strong handshake is preferable- or kiss him on the cheek.  Light kisses  (rarely just one kiss on each cheek but usually three or four total) are extremely common in France among friends and acquaintances. Be aware, however, that the  French do not hug  upon greeting each other and saying  bonjour.

Nursing Therory Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nursing Therory Analysis - Research Paper Example Later on, it was revised so as to be brought into the modern taxonomic fabrication for comfort that often explains comfort to be a nature for accomplishing needs for ease, relief plus transcendence in one’s sociocultural, physical, environmental plus psycho-spiritual settings. In describing deduction, here comfort is described as having associations to some nursing theories so as to help make up a hypothesis. According to the author called Murray in his book published in 1938, he contributed towards providing a sensible structure that helped Kolcaba’s notions sustaining. In addition, Relief became distinguished by an author named Orlando in the year 1961, same to transcendence by Zderad and Paterson in 1976, and ease became distinguished by an author named Henderson in the year 1966. In the year 1975, the idea on behaviors of seeking health was utilized by a person named Schlotfeldt. In regard to retroductive step implementation, Kolcaba ensured that she in culminated the idea of having institutional sincerity incorporated in her comfort theory. In addition, the theory often depicts various personalized patient centered care, plus the given benefits accrued from comfort plus engagement of the habits involved to seek health. Basically, some of the notions found in this given philosophy encompass: Intervening variables, comfort needs, institutional integrity, comfort procedures, comfort including health seeking attitudes or behaviors. According to Kolcaba, comfort is something which needs to originate from a care circumstances which cannot be offered at the same time by a given patient’s maintenance structure. In addition, it is through the set of standards set in nursing that are supposed to assemble the given needs hence captivating patients aspects like maturity, emotional situation, defiance, given support structure, past experience among others which are

Three Interesting Articles about an Issue Related to Money and Capital Assignment

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Business Plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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SPECIAL EDUCATION AND RELATED SERVICES OF SPECIAL EDUCATION - Research Paper Example It is at this point that special education, or special needs education sets in. To this end, special education refers to the learning programs, institutions, or systems that are specifically designed to cater for students with special needs (Morellion 2007, p. 87). These educations systems have to be structured in a manner that ensures all the inadequacies of the students with special needs are met in a way that tries to keep them at par with the regular students. As such there are certain assigned effective models for providing these secondary special education services. An effective model for secondary special education services has to factor in quite a number of aspects to ensure that the students can get the best from it. For a start, it has to understand that the students are specialized in such a manner that they need special attention to be able to learn as effectively as the rest. Moreover, the specialized approach needs to be unique to each and every student with a special need. This is due to the fact that special needs students vary in terms of specific needs and individualistic traits. These include the strengths and weaknesses of each student, their processing and cognitive abilities as well as the specific form of disability that they may be possessing (Lian and Kim 2002, p. 131). In this line, a mental disability has to be treated differently from a physical deficiency. Similarly, the same type of disability has to be treated differently across different age brackets. Consequently, a model that identifies the specialty in special needs education is expected to be more effective than that which generalizes and does not give any unique attention to individualistic traits. One of the most effective models for providing secondary special education is the collaborative model for secondary special education services. Through this model, both a regular teacher and a special education teacher work collaboratively to provide

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The great depression - Essay Example At the same time, inequality grew by 0.1 percent pushing the poor to worse levels while the rich gained more wealth (Mcquaid 636). Evidently, with the rising personal debts and a consistent production of more goods, a balance was unattainable hence triggering a great depression on the lack Tuesday of October 1929. The stock market crashed leading to the worse economic collapse felt all over the world including various industrialised nations such as Europe. Apart from worsening wages, the great depression led to the closure of 11,000 banks out of 25,000 by 1933 in the United States. Notably, the failure attracted a nationwide loss of confidence in the economy. As a result, many people were not willing to invest or meet the high production at the time. Certainly, this aggravated the spiral downfall hence putting into question the relationship build by America from World War I. historically, America emerged from world war I as a major financier of various countries including Europe. Countries like Germany had been weakened by the war and had to pay for war reparations (Freedman 62). It, therefore, asked for a lot of financial assistance from America, which appeared to be enjoying financial stability. Therefore, many countries that suffered from the great depression mainly had debt or credit related issues with the United States. Germany, for instance, had cases of rising unemployment represented by 6 million people, which is 25% of the e ntire German workforce. The great depression was felt in different countries around the globe. It’s huge effects not only forced a new deal in America but directly led to extremism in Germany and most importantly World War II. As a result various key issues contributed to the fall of world economy. Before the industrialization period, limited Americans had a limited access to the banking sector. However, as industrialization gained momentum more banks came into light. Americans

SPECIAL EDUCATION AND RELATED SERVICES OF SPECIAL EDUCATION Research Paper

SPECIAL EDUCATION AND RELATED SERVICES OF SPECIAL EDUCATION - Research Paper Example It is at this point that special education, or special needs education sets in. To this end, special education refers to the learning programs, institutions, or systems that are specifically designed to cater for students with special needs (Morellion 2007, p. 87). These educations systems have to be structured in a manner that ensures all the inadequacies of the students with special needs are met in a way that tries to keep them at par with the regular students. As such there are certain assigned effective models for providing these secondary special education services. An effective model for secondary special education services has to factor in quite a number of aspects to ensure that the students can get the best from it. For a start, it has to understand that the students are specialized in such a manner that they need special attention to be able to learn as effectively as the rest. Moreover, the specialized approach needs to be unique to each and every student with a special need. This is due to the fact that special needs students vary in terms of specific needs and individualistic traits. These include the strengths and weaknesses of each student, their processing and cognitive abilities as well as the specific form of disability that they may be possessing (Lian and Kim 2002, p. 131). In this line, a mental disability has to be treated differently from a physical deficiency. Similarly, the same type of disability has to be treated differently across different age brackets. Consequently, a model that identifies the specialty in special needs education is expected to be more effective than that which generalizes and does not give any unique attention to individualistic traits. One of the most effective models for providing secondary special education is the collaborative model for secondary special education services. Through this model, both a regular teacher and a special education teacher work collaboratively to provide

Anxiety Among Alcoholics and Non-Alcoholics Essay Example for Free

Anxiety Among Alcoholics and Non-Alcoholics Essay Abstract Alcohol is one of the most widely used drug substances in the world. For many people, drinking alcohol is nothing more than a pleasant way to relax. People with alcohol use disorders, however, drink to excess, endangering both themselves and others. In the mental health area alcoholism is caused mostly by depression, anxiety and stress, on the other hand it also leads to depression and stress. The present study aims to compare depression and anxiety among alcoholics and non- alcoholics. It was assumed that depression and anxiety may be the risk factors for alcoholism. A sample of 100 people (50 alcoholics and 50 non-alcoholics) was randomly selected from Delhi. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used to collect data on depression and anxiety. t-test was administered to compare two groups. The result of the study showed that alcoholic group was higher on depression as well as anxiety than the non alcoholic group, and it was also found that there is no clear cut casual relationship between alcoholism and depression and anxiety. Alcoholism is perhaps most strongly associated with antisocial personality disorder and drug abuse, but its relationship to other forms of psychopathology has become increasingly evident. In particular, investigations of alcoholic samples indicate a strong co-occurrence of alcoholism with diverse form of anxiety and depressive disorder (Barbor et al, 1992; Chambless et al, 1987; Hasegawa 1991; keller 1994; Nunes, Quitkin Berman, 1988; Penick, 1994; Schuckit, Irwin Brown, 1990). ______________________________________________________________________ *Associate professor, Deptt. Of Psychology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh **Research scholar, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. According to Nijhawan (1972) Anxiety, one of the most pervasive psychological phenomenons of the modern era refers to a â€Å"persistent distressing psychological state arising from an inner conflict†. Depression can be defined as â€Å"a state of mind, or more specifically, a mental disorder, characterized by lowering of the individual’s vitality, his mood, his desires, hopes, aspirations and of his self-esteem. It may range from no more than a mild feeling of tiredness and sadness to the most profound state of apathy with complete, psychotic disregard for reality.† (Mendelssohn, 1963). Alcoholism can lead people into serious trouble, and can be physically and mentally destructive. Currently alcohol use is involved in half of all crimes, murders, accidental deaths, and suicides. There are also many health problems associated with alcohol use such as brain damage, cancer, heart disease, diseases of the liver, depression anxiety and other mental disorders. Results from community surveys and epidemiologic samples indicate that substantial comorbidity also exists for depression, anxiety and alcoholism in the general population (Regier et al, 1990; Helzer Pryzbeck, 1988; Kendler et al, 1995). The high co-occurrence of these syndromes, therefore, represents a significant clinical and public health issue that is likely to affect a substantial proportion of the general population. Although the comorbidity of alcoholism with anxiety and depressive disorders has been extensively documented in both clinical and epidemiologic investigations, the specific mechanisms underlying these associations remain a source of debate. One widely accepted hypothesis is that these forms of comorbidity reflect a causal relationship of alcoholism with anxiety and depression. Support for a causal association is based partly on observations that alcohol is commonly used to self- medicate symptoms of negative affect, and so, alcoholism often develops as a secondary diagnosis to anxiety and depression (Meyer Kranzler,1990; Hesselbrock, Meyer Keener,1985; Lader,1972; Merikangas et al,1985). The 18-month follow-up of participants of the Psychiatric Morbidity among Adults Living in Private Households, 2000 survey (Singleton Lewis, 2003) provides an opportunity to determine whether excessive alcohol consumption and abnormal patterns of use are risk factors for incident anxiety and depression in the general population. The study also examined the reverse relationship, considering whether anxiety and depression are risk factors for the development of abnormal patterns of alcohol consumption. However, evidence for a causal relationship is not unidirectional as alcoholism is often observed as a primary disorder, and the presence of problem drinking itself may generate severe anxiety or depressive syndromes (Mendelson Mello, 1979, Nathan, OBrien Lowenstein, 1971; Schuckit, Irwin Smith, 1994; Stockwell, Hodgson Rankin, 1982). Heavy alcohol consumption has been implicated in the development of anxiety and depression (Schuckit, 1983). Many cross-sectional studies have identified considerable comorbidity between anxiety and depression, and alcohol abuse. For example, data from four large community based epidemiological studies (n422 000) in Europe and the USA consistently demonstrated a two- to threefold increase in the lifetime prevalence of anxiety and depression in those with DSM–III or DSM–III–R alcohol abuse or dependence (Swendsen et al, 1998). If anxiety disorders and alcoholism are casually related, there should be a high rate of alcoholism among patients being treated for anxiety disorders. Two studies (Torgersen, 1986; Cloninger et al, 1981) of the prevalence of alcoholism in patients being treated for anxiety neurosis were identified. These investigations suggest a lifetime population prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence of approximately 14%. The survey of the relevant literature made it quite obvious that much of the studies show a prevalence of depression and anxiety among alcoholics. However, previous studies have also pointed out the possibility of alcoholism as risk factors for depression and anxiety. At the same time, literature does not provide any clear cut direction towards the casual relationship between alcoholism and depression and anxiety. Thus, despite the strong association of alcoholism with anxiety and depressive disorders, no universal consensus has been reached regarding the specific mechanisms underlying these associations. The present study aims to identify depression and anxiety among alcoholic and non-alcoholic peoples. Method: Sample: sample of the present study consisted of 100 subjects (50 alcoholics and 50 non alcoholics). The alcoholics were identified through survey from different living areas (including rural, urban and semi-urban) of Delhi and 50 alcoholics were randomly selected for the study. In the same way the non-alcoholic subjects were also selected randomly from different parts of Delhi. The age range of the subjects was between 25 to 50 years. Tools: â€Å"Beck Depression Inventory† BDI -2nd was designed by Beck, Steer Brown (1996). This self report scale has shown to document levels of depression. BDI -2nd edition contains 21 items, each answer being scored on a scale value of 0 to 3. The cut offs used are 0-13 Minimal depression; 14-19 Mild depression; 20-28 Moderate depression; and 29-63 Severe Depression. Higher total scorer indicates more severe depression symptoms. â€Å"Beck Anxiety Inventory† was designed Beck, Epstein, Brown, Steer (1988). This self report scale has shown to document levels of Anxiety symptoms in a valid and consistent manner. BAI contains 21 items each answer being scored on a scale value of 0 to 3. Each symptom item has four possible answer choices: not at all (assigned value =o); Mildly (it did not bother me much) (assigned value=1); Moderately (it was unpleasant but I could stand it) (assigned value =2); and Severely (I could barely stand it) (assigned value =3). The values for each item are summed together to yield an overall or score for all 21 symptoms that can range between 0 and 63 points. A total score of 0-7 is interpreted as a minimal level of Anxiety, 8-15 as ‘mild’, 16-25 as ‘moderate’ and 26-63 as ‘severe’. The BAI is psychometrically sound. Interval consistency ÃŽ ± =.92 to.94, for adults and test-retest (one week interval) reliability is .75. Procedure: The test for depression and anxiety were administered on the subjects individually after establishing the rapport with them. Each and every item was explained to the subject, and then he was asked to respond truly for the item. Thus data was collected for depression and anxiety from alcoholic and non-alcoholic people. t-test was applied to find out the significance of difference between the Mean scores of different groups. Results: TABLE-1 Showing comparison of Mean for depression and anxiety scores between the alcoholics and non-alcoholics Variables| Groups| N| Mean| Std.deviation| t | df| P| depression| Alcoholic Nonalcoholic| 50 50| 35.7600 17.1000| 10.17913 6.15530| 11.092| 98| .01*| Anxiety| Alcoholicnonalcoholic| 50 50| 38.0800 18.3200| 11.55261 6.18570| 10.662| 98| .01*| *Significant at .01 level of confidence TABLE-1 further shows the results obtained by the comparison of alcoholics and non alcoholic group for depression and anxiety. The obtained results show that the mean depression score (M=35.7600) for alcoholic people is higher than the mean depression score (M=17.1000) for non alcoholic people, and the difference between the two means (t=11.092) is statistically significant at .01 level of confidence. Consequently it reveals the findings that alcoholic people have higher depression than the non-alcoholics. The TABLE-1 also shows the results of the comparison of alcoholic and non-alcoholic people on anxiety. The mean anxiety scores (M=38.0800) of alcoholics is found very much higher than the mean anxiety scores (M=18.3200) of the non-alcoholics and the two means difference (t=10.662) is statistically significant at .01 level of confidence. It indicates that alcoholic people have higher anxiety than the non-alcoholic people. Discussion: The basis of the above results may safely be concluded that the alcoholics are highly depressed and extremely anxious than the non-alcoholic people. However, the high prevalence of these anxiety and depressives’ symptoms does not necessarily mean that these alcoholic individuals will demonstrate the long term course or require the long term treatments associated with DSM-III-R major depressive and anxiety disorders. The temporal nature of the association between Depression Anxiety and alcohol is difficult to determine from studies, which uncertainty arising as to whether alcohol is a risk factor or a form of self –medication. The finding of the present study support the findings of Hartka et al, (1991) that reported a significant correlation between baseline consumption of alcohol and depression at follow-up based on data from eight longitudinal studies. However, in this analysis control of confounders was limited to age, gender and interval between measurements. Overall, our findings are contradictory with those of Wang Patten (2001) who observed no excess morbidity among those who drank daily, those who drank in binges (more than five drinks), those who had more than one drink daily, and among drinkers in general. Alcohol dependence was not considered. Similarly, in a randomly selected community cohort with follow-up at 3 and 7 years, Moscato et al (1997) found no excess incidence of depressive symptoms among those with ‘alcohol problems’ (defined as a DSM–IV diagnosis of alcohol dependence or abuse or drinking more than five drinks a day on one or more occasions per week). It may safely be concluded on the bases of previous literature and result of the present study that there is no clear cut casual relationship between depressive and anxiety disorder and alcoholism. In the similar way our findings of the study show that the alcoholics are more depressive and anxious than the non alcoholics. Though it does not show any clear cut picture either alcohol is risk factor for depression and anxiety or depression and anxiety is a risk factor for alcoholism. References Babor, T., Wolfson, A., Boivin, D., Radouco-Thomas, S., Clark, W. (1992). 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Operant studies of chronic alcoholism: Interaction of alcohol and alcoholics. In: Roach, P., Mclssac, W., Creaven, P. (eds): Biological Aspects of Alcohol. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press;. Nijhawan, H. K. (1972). Anxiety in school children. New Delhi : Wiley Eastern Private Limited. Nunes, E., Quitkin, F., Berman, C. (1988). Panic disorder and depression in female alcoholics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry; 49:441- 443. Penick, E., Powell, B., Nickel, E., Bingham, S., Riesenmy, K., Read, M. (1994). Comorbidity of lifetime psychiatric disorder among male alcoholic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res; 18:1289-1293. Regier, D., Farmer, M., Rae, D., Locke, B., Keith, S., Judd, L. (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study. JAMA; 264:2511-2518. Schuckit, M. (1983). Alcoholic patients with secondary depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140: 711-714. Schuckit, M., Hesselbrock, V. (1994). Alcohol dependence and anxiety disorders: What is the relationship? Am J Psychiatry, 151:1723-1734. Schuckit, M., Irwin, M., Brown, S. (1990) .The history of anxiety symptoms among 171 primary alcoholics. J Stud Alcohol; 51:34-41. Schuckit, M., Irwin, M., Smith, T. (1994). One-year incidence rate of major depression and other psychiatric disorders in 239 alcoholic men. Addiction ; 89:441-445. Schuckit, M., Tipp, J., Bergman, M., Reich, W., Hesselbrock, V., Smith, T. (1997). Comparison of induced and independent major depressive disorder in 2,945 alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry; 154:948-957. Singleton, N. Lewis, G. (2003). Better or Worse: A Longitudinal Study of the Mental Health of Adults Living in Private Households in Great Britain. London: Stationery Office. . Stockwell, T., Hodgson, R., Rankin, H. (1982). Tension reduction and the effects of prolonged alcohol consumption. Br J Addict; 77:65-73. Stockwell, T., Smail, P., Hodgson, R., Canter, S. (1984). Alcohol dependence and phobic anxiety states. II. A retrospective study. Br J Psychiatry; 144:58-63. Swendsen, J., Merikangas, K., Canino,G. (1998). The comorbidity of alcoholism with anxiety and depressive disorders in four geographic communities. Comprehensive Psychiatry; 39:176-184. Torgersen, S. (1986). Childhood and family characteristics in panic and generalized anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry; 143:630-632 Wang, J. Patten, S. B. (2001). Alcohol consumption and major depression: findings from a follow-up study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry; 46: 632-638.