Issues and Challenges of Micro Finance in India

Issues and Challenges of Micro Finance in India Miniaturized scale account alludes to little reserve funds, credit and protection administrations reached out to socially and financially hindered sections of society. Indian setting terms like Small and Marginal Farmers, Economically more vulnerable areas have been utilized to comprehensively characterize smaller scale fund client. Enormous piece of smaller scale account exercises is limited to credit. Huge size and populace of around 1000 million, Indias GDP positions among top 15 economies of world.Around300 million individuals or around 60 million family units are living beneath the destitution line. Gathering of smaller scale account experts evaluated the annualize credit uses of every single poor family about Rs45000crores of which around 80 percent is met by casual sources. Credit on sensible footing to poor can get a huge decrease neediness. Around 60 million families underneath or simply over the starkly characterized neediness line and with in excess of 80 percent unfit to get to credit at sensible rate. There are sure issues and issues which have forestalled reach of microfinance to penniless. Smaller scale FINANCE AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION: Smaller scale account establishment have extended outskirts of institutional fund and have brought poor people, particularly poor ladies into formal money framework and empowered them to get to credit and battle destitution. Some huge steps have made in upscalling the huge amounts of microfinance, saw that microfinance had a hilter kilter development across nation with assorted pace of enthusiasm being charge to part which are zone of concern. The absence of access to credit for the poor is inferable from viable challenges emerging from the error between the method of activity followed by monetary foundation and the financial qualities and financing needs of low-salary family. The salary of numerous independently employed family units isn't steady, paying little heed to it size. Huge quantities of little advances are expected to serve poor people, however moneylenders favor managing enormous credits in little numbers to limit organization costs. They likewise look insurance with an unmistakable title which some low-pay families don't have. To the degree that Microfinance Institution turns out to be monetarily feasible, self continuing and vital to the networks in which they work, they can possibly draw in more assets and extend administrations to customers. In spite of the accomplishment of microfinance foundations just about 2% of universes around 500 million little business visionaries is evaluated to approach monetary administrations. Microfinance foundation can expand their asset base by activating investment funds, getting to capital markets, advance assets and viable institutional improvement support. Sparing offices to tap little sparing in an adaptable way. Microfinance organization are occupied with store taking so as to assemble family unit sparing, they became monetary mediators. Thus monetary guidelines become important to guarantee the dissolvability and money related adequacy of foundation and to secure the contributors. Exorbitant guidelines that don't think about the idea of microfinance organization and their activity can hamper their reasonability. Considering little credit size, microfinance foundation ought to be exposed to least capital necessity which is lower than the material to business banks. Progressively severe capital ampleness rate ought to be kept up in light of the fact that microfinance foundation give unsecured credit. Microfinance foundation could likewise fill in as middle people among borrowers and formal money related segment and on loan finances sponsored by open part ensure. Professional NGOs can offer business banks methods of subsidizing small scale business visionary requiring little to no effort and hazard. There are numerous on-going explores on this line yet setting explicit examination is expected to distinguish the meet fitting model. FORMAL AND INFORMAL SECTOR IN INDIA FORMAL SECTOR INSTITUTIONS: The proper segment banking organization in India have been serving just the requirements of business part and giving credits to center and upper salary gatherings. For lodging the HFIs basically as a result of the apparent danger of loaning to this area . Dangers for the most part saw by formal segment Financial Institution are credit chance, High exchange and administrations cost, Irregular progression of pay because of irregularity, Lack of unmistakable evidence of appraisal of pay, Absence of land residency of financing lodging. Formal Financial Institution are concerned are Commercial Banks, Housing Finance Institution(HFI),NABARD, Rural Development Banks(RDB),Land Development Banks and Cooperative Banks(CBs). The administration has taken a few activities to fortify the foundation rustic credit framework. The rustic branch system of business banks have been extended and certain approach remedies forced, so as to guarantee incredible progression of credit to farming and other favored divisions. The business banks are required to guarantee that 40% of complete credit is given to need areas out of which 18% as immediate account to horticulture and 25% to need part for more vulnerable segments other than keeping up a credit store proportion of 60% in provincial and semi urban branches. Further IRDP presentation in 1979 guarantee gracefully of credit and appropriations to more vulnerable segment recipients. Casual FINANCIAL SOURCES: Casual monetary sources commonly incorporate subsidizes accessible from family sources or nearby cash bank. Nearby cash loan specialists charge extreme rates, by and large extending from 36% to 60% enthusiasm because of their imposing business model in the nonattendances of some other wellspring of credit for non-regular needs. NGOs occupied with exercises identified with network activation for their financial improvement have started sparing and credit program for their objective gatherings. Network based money related framework (CBFS) can be ordered into two models. Gathering base monetary mediator and NGO connected money related delegate. NGOs like SHARAN in Delhi, FEDERATION of THRIFT AND CREDIT ASSOCIATION (FICA) or SPARC have embraced first model where they start gatherings and give essential administration support.SEWA relate to second model. Experience of these casual mediators shows that albeit sparing of gathering individuals, little in nature don't draw in significant yields, it is ability rehearsed because of security reasons. The greater part of advances are unbound. Individual or gathering ensures or different guarantees like gems is offered as security. There are a few organizations which give mass assets to framework through NGO. Association occupied with small scale money exercises in India might be classified as distributer, NGOs supporting SHG and NGOs legitimately retailing credit borrowers or gathering of borrower. Wholesalers will incorporates organizations like NABARD, Rashtriya Mahila Kosh, New Delhi and Womens world Banking,ASA in Trichy, RDO Layalam Bank in Manipur. Focusing on Programs FOR LOW INCOME GROUPS: GRAMEEN BANK IN BANGLADESH: Grameen Bank loaning framework is straightforward yet compelling. To acquire credits, potential borrowers must shape a gathering of five; accumulate once per week for advance reimbursement gatherings and to begin with get familiar with the bond rules and 16 Decision, which they serenade at beginning of their week after week meeting. There choice consolidate set of accepted rules that individuals are urge to follow in their every day life, e.g.: creation of foods grown from the ground in kitchen gardens, venture of progress of lodging and instruction for kids, safe drinking water for health,etc.For this physical preparing are held at meeting. Key-unit in credit program is first important advance to get credit. At first credits are giving to people in gathering, there were feeling the squeeze from different individuals to reimburse the advance. Believability of gathering individuals and advantages in term of new advance will be halted if any one default to reimburse and the gathering individuals are fined or removed a part on the off chance that they neglect to go to the gathering. Money related MODELING SELF-HELP GROUPS: SHG-MGI System: Commonplace SHG comprise of 12 or 30 part. It isn't just sparing and credit affiliation however fills in as liking bunch that gives stage to issues. SHG is framework raises assets from individual and furthermore from MCI. MCI emerge finance from three sources: Capital, SHG sparing and acquiring from outside and MCI have administrative limitation on resources, liabilities and loan costs. A portion of the standards basic that were given to executing: SHG utilize practically 60% for loaning to their individuals and rest for keeping. Joint risk of individuals is to fills in an alternative for physical security and sparing are to started things out. Loan fees on sparing and credit for individuals are showcase rates to decide locally by taking an interest establishments. All NGOs and SHGs will charge an intrigue edge to take care of their expenses. SHGs may exact an additional charge to loan cost of inner reserve age which will constrain sparing. Systems FOR CREDIT FUNDING LOW INCOME GROUP BENEFICIARIES BY HDFC . HDFC putting forth sub-recolored attempts to arrive at the lower salary gatherings of society, particularly the more vulnerable segment, in this manner empowering them to understand their fantasies about having own home. HDFCs reaction to requirement for lodging and living condition for poor both in country and urban areas emerged as a team with German Development Bank. It likewise guarantees recently built houses are inside the reasonableness of recipients and advances the use of imaginative minimal effort advances and locally accessible material for developing house. Reason for usage of minimal effort having ventures, HDFC team up with Government and Non-Government. Security for advance is home loan of property being financed. Development work is normally observed by organizing organizations and HDFC. The advance is dispensed relying on the phases of development. Microfinance activity experience poor reimburse their advances, sparing and credit offices. It likewise commitment to taking care of issue of deficient lodging. It has hot to add to this by building monetary order and teaching

Bacteria essays

Microorganisms articles Microorganisms live all over the place, even where different types of life cant. The main spots where they cannot endure is in cleaned places. A few microbes need oxygen to endure, and others dont need any. Likewise some can make due with both, yet some cannot make due with oxygen. They secure themselves by framing a thick cell layer inside the former one. Microorganisms get food by benefiting from other minuscule living beings and by making food. They make their food by utilizing the daylight, water, and carbon dioxide. They move by connections off their body, which is for the most part, called flagellas. Theyre like a tails or radio wires. Microscopic organisms duplicates when one of them become to enormous. It at that point separates into two. Microscopic organisms can likewise hurt people, plants, and creatures. They hurt are bodies by getting through an opening in are body and afterward finding a cell. At the point when they assume control over a cell they duplicate and murder it. Without a cell to assume control over they would bite the dust. A few maladies that microscopic organisms makes are cholera, gonorrhea, infection, pneumonia, syphilis, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and challenging hack. ... <! Microorganisms articles Microorganisms can be found anyplace on the globe, even in the most remote spots, microscopic organisms can be found. Microscopic organisms have a place with the most established gathering of living beings. A 3.5 billion-year-old fossil contains old microscopic organisms (Johnson 339). The smallest living beings can be loaded up with microscopic organisms. You can't see microbes with out magnifying instrument. Individuals can develop microscopic organisms to discover various things. More microbes will develop yogurt that has more milk fat. There are three regular states of microorganisms: winding, bar molded, and circular. The circular molded microscopic organisms are generally framed in long chains. Bar formed microorganisms appears as though conceptual workmanship and winding microscopic organisms seems as though DNA strands (Johnson 339). Despite the fact that they may look fascinating, they can have a terrible impact. One sort of winding molded microscopic organisms here and there causes kidney and liver harm. This winding molded bacterium is called Leptospira. Staphylococcus aureus is a circular microscopic organisms that can cause skin contaminations (Johnson 339). Despite the fact that there are three significant states of microorganisms, there is a sure broad structure to every single bacterial cell. There is no core in a bacterium. The entirety of the qualities of the bacterium are situated on one atom of DNA in the bacterium. A few microscopic organisms connect to different surfaces by pili, the piece of the microorganisms which stands out from the external surface. There are little propellors, that are handles that swing around, which are on certain microscopic organisms that permit them to coast through their condition (Johnson 341). Microbes can imitate at regular intervals by parting themselves down the middle. Before microbes split, they need to copy their DNA so that there is sufficient DNA for a subsequent cell. The bacterium would then be able to part into two indistinguishable cells. A few microbes can part into upwards of multiple times in a single hour. Microorganisms remain alive by benefiting from different things. A few microbes separate sugar in nourishments. Other microbes feed on natural material, and still other microscopic organisms ... <!

Libyan negotiations to join the World Trade Organization Dissertation

Libyan arrangements to join the World Trade Organization - Dissertation Example Further, Libya is wealthy in oil creation which would have permitted the EU to all the more likely broaden its own normal assets through this association in the WTO (Tsirelson, 2011). Libya additionally, in 2010, accomplished help from the national bank to permit outside direct speculation licenses as a way to help the private part in Libya (qfinance.com, 2010). The entirety of this has changed because of the storing up struggle with Qhadaffi’s remote neighbors, forestalling the nation, likely, from accomplishing WTO participation. Points and Objectives The proposed paper intends to inspect the present job of Libya as a potential individual from the WTO contrasted with its previous endeavors and backing from 2004-2010. By and large, the task expects to distinguish whether Libya can in any case keep up such enrollment even notwithstanding developing and extraordinary clash with the global network. The investigation keeps up two explicit goals: 1. Decide the job of Libyan portra yal in the WTO and the potential favorable circumstances that the nation can bring to the remainder of the universal network upon potential participation. 2. See how the nation, particularly relating to Qhadaffi, is seen by the global network just as the legitimate frameworks that manage WTO enrollment and connection. Strategy for Inquiry The exploration venture will talk with optional asset materials, for example, legitimate diaries, multi-media distributions, and chronicled essential information as a way to comprehend the developing lawful and legislative frameworks in Libya in the course of the most recent seven years. The strategy will comprise of subjective and quantitative research center as a component of the essential investigation that will incorporate overviews circulated to summed up test bunches about their feeling about Libyan approach and activity as a potential WTO part. The current macroeconomic components driving Libyan development and manageability will likewise be estimated in proper optional source materials. References Journal of Commerce. 2004, WTO says Libya can apply. July 27, p.1. Qfinance.com. 2010, Libya, p.1. [accessed June 6, 2011 at http://www.qfinance.com/contentfiles/QF02/glus0fcl/1h/0/libya.pdf] Tsirelson, M. 2011, Libya, European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. [accessed June 6, 2011 at http://www.europeanforum.net/nation/libya] Bibliography Country Monitor. 2010, Libya: hazard appraisals. 18(19), p.11. Conversisglobalcom. 2010, Libya. [accessed June 5, 2011 at http://conversisglobalcom.site.securepod.com/cultural_commentaries/Conversis_Libya.pdf] Moran, R., Harris, P. and Moran, S. 2007, Managing Cultural Differences: Global Leadership Strategies for the 21st Century, seventh ed. Elsevier: London. National Geographic. 2010, College Atlas of the World, second ed. Wiley Publishers. Oxford Economic Country Briefings. 2010, Libya. Walk 18, Oxford Economics Limited. Rehfeld, A. 2010, Towards a general hypothesis of political p ortrayal, Journal of Politics, p.48. [accessed June 7, 2011 at http://www.law.columbia.edu/center_program/legal_theory/papers/fall05?exclusive=filemgr.download&file_id=96459&rtcontentdisposition=filename%3DTowards+a+General+Theory.pdf] Triola, M.F. 2008, Elementary Statistics Using the TI-83 Plus Calculator, second ed. Pearson Addison

Mobile Network Communications and Telematics †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Talk about the Mobile Network Communications and Telematics. Answer: Presentation: Under the BYOD plot, the representatives of Aztek will be allowed with the authorization to bring and utilize their gadgets in office for the execution and fulfillment of office related errands. Aztek is an Australian firm and there are no specific laws that have been set up in Australia for the reconnaissance of the worker gadgets if there should arise an occurrence of the re-appropriating. There is no particular administration arrangement set up; be that as it may, the fund business has certain principles and rules set up. These particular standards around money will be relevant according to the domain of activity by Aztek which would either be South Wales or it would be Australian Capital. There is an administration body called Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) that oversees the money related exercises at the government level in Australia alongside the state and region levels. An e-installments code is likewise characterized under ASIC for the following, the executives and guideline of the electronic installments (Asic, 2017). On the off chance that the associations permit its workers to utilize or get to the authoritative parts, for example, explicit devices or applications outside of the workplace limits, at that point the Government of Australia furnishes them with the authorization to do observation on such exercises executed by the representatives. There is act that has been set up for this reason called NSW Act. The representative exercises will be observed by Aztek according to the standards under this demonstration and furthermore, the workers will be kept from offering the particular hierarchical subtleties to any outer substance. There are explicit applications and programming that can likewise be utilized for following of these exercises. Work environment Privacy Act 2011 is a demonstration that characterized the means that an association may take to track and screen the messages that are sent by the representatives for sharing the hierarchical data. The logs of the mail server are caught and evaluated according to the standards of this demonstration characterized by Australian Government (Act, 2016). There are different obscure and undesirable interchanges that regularly happen in associations that lead to the event of security assaults. Media communications Act 1979 was characterized to put a keep an eye on such exercises by following and observing the correspondence respectability (Coe, 2011). It will likewise be checked by the guidelines under Intellectual Property. The security of the data related with Aztek can likewise be made sure about and ensured by the standards of Privacy Act (APP 5). It expresses that the worker claimed gadgets should never have the private or delicate data of the organization or any of its partners. The entrance rights will be given distinctly based on the utilization job and any dubious movement will be quickly answered to the concerned experts for data assurance (Oaic, 2014). Security Posture Review of Aztek A large number of the common security standards and standards at Aztek will be broke down and refreshed after the usage of BYOD in the organization. A portion of these updates will rotate around the security and utilization of cell phones, topographical procedures and security techniques when all is said in done. The legitimate and political arrangements and decides that Aztek will follow have been examined in the area above. Security is another territory wherein there will be sure adjustments that must be made. After an examination of the security angle and status of Aztek, there are a couple of provisos that have been watched. The association is as yet utilizing the old work areas, PC frameworks and systems administration gadgets that depend on the obsolete innovation. It is likewise troublesome or difficult to redesign these frameworks to the most recent ideas and progressions and this may prompt the rise of numerous security assaults. The organization is as yet utilizing attractive cards and perusers with the end goal of distinguishing proof of the assets and their character. There will be utilization of cutting edge measures for this reason and it will incorporate the biometric acknowledgment. The vast majority of the servers, applications and frameworks are available in-house in Aztek. This may have an incredible hazard from the security perspective as there is a solitary disappointment point related. There will be utilization of virtual spaces and outsider providers for server areas. Numerous updates should be done on the inheritance frameworks and databases too. The substitution of the gadgets at the same time will request a tremendous speculation for Aztek. They should ensure that the substitution is done yet it will be done in a progression of stages. This will guarantee that the costs can be handily met. The utilization of BYOD will guarantee that the business congruity is kept up. Security of the Devices and Information For the associations wherein there is a solitary provider or supplier of the considerable number of gadgets and frameworks, the control and the executives as far as security and following turns out to be simple. There are uniform strategies that can be executed with the goal that the security is kept up. On account of associations that utilization redistributing of the gadgets or frameworks, support of security is somewhat troublesome. In Aztek, representatives will have the consent to get their gadgets as work. These gadgets will have changing properties and nature alongside fluctuated security abilities and status. The use of a solitary strategy to make sure about every one of these gadgets won't be a chance. In this manner, advancement of reasonable and proactive methodologies will be required for the administration and wellbeing of the considerable number of gadgets and data (Curran, Maynes and Harkin, 2015). If there should arise an occurrence of Aztek, the normal methodologies that the associations adjust to like locking of the gadgets past office organize and so on would not work. The gadgets are the individual properties of the workers and they will reserve the privilege to utilize them outside of the workplace. The security procedures to be executed will be required to be adaptable and versatile. One of the controls that might be applied might be as limitation on use of basic hierarchical applications past office arrange (Gillies, 2016). The gadgets of the workers will likewise get numerous assaults and dangers from the security point of view. These gadgets may get broken, taken or may likewise get lost. If there should be an occurrence of their network with the VPN at the hour of any of such episode, the data will get revealed to the gathering that may get to the gadget. There will be utilization of cutting edge trackers to follow the gadgets in such occasions. Issues around power and proprietorship may likewise come up for this situation. The representatives would need total expert on their gadgets and may endeavor to escape the equivalent to maintain a strategic distance from the security controls set up by the association. This would be perilous for the gadget and for the security too. This may prompt shirking by the workers to bring and utilize their gadgets in office (Tokuyoshi, 2013). The gadget and data security will be upgraded by confining to a portion of the essential standards and systems towards security. An examination and examination of the total gadget and its properties must be done in adherence to the security arrangements of Aztek before it is endorsed for the use. There will be utilization of robotized applications and trackers for the administration of cell phones. Remote administration of the gadgets must be permitted alongside the capacity to clear out all the data remotely. Basic and delicate applications must not be available from the systems that are outside of the workplace area or VPN (Beckett, 2014). The applications that would have a place with Aztek may get antagonistically affected by for the most part two types of dangers. These incorporate malware dangers and assaults alongside the security shortcomings. There are a few controls that are available for the evasion and avoidance of these two hazard classes (Romer, 2014). The gadgets and the applications that are introduced in these gadgets should consistently be filtered and refreshed to dodge security dangers. Hazard Assessment The procedure for chance evaluation that will be utilized on account of Aztek will have the system which ought to incorporate the meaning of the considerable number of functionalities alongside the classes that must be determined as far as security and related references. The procedure of security and hazard the board must incorporate the distinguishing proof, assurance of the benefits, control of the entrance, ID of the occurrences, reaction arranging and information recuperation. The safety efforts must ensure that the data in the database and the one that is transmitted on the systems is made sure about and secured. There are different measures that have been set up to distinguish the security status of a specific association. Level 1: It is the security status of the association in which the benefits are halfway ensured and there are no proper meanings of the controls and measures to be applied. Level 2: It is the security status wherein the distinguishing proof of the dangers is finished and a proper definition is set up for the administration of the dangers. Level 3: It is the state where the initiative and the board give an approval on the security steps to be taken and the utilization of techniques is likewise clarified obviously. Level 4: It is the state where proactive and versatile measures are taken that is impromptu in nature and there is no consistent approach for the administration of the dangers. Be that as it may, any of the hazard or assault can be handled in this state. Level 4 is the state at which Aztek must work upon so as to reach so the dangers related with the gadgets of the representatives can be taken care of. The dangers scene is extremely powerful for this situation and would be conceivable to be dealt with just by the security instruments as characterized under level 4 (Singh et al., 2014). TVA Analysis (Threat Vulnerability Assessment) Name of the Risk Effect of the hazard (5 being most elevated) Probability of the hazard (5 being most elevated) Hazard Ranking (Impact x Likelihood)

Top 5 Halloween Costumes for the Socially Anxious

Top 5 Halloween Costumes for the Socially Anxious Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Top 5 Halloween Costumes for the Socially Anxious By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Updated on January 29, 2020 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Imgorthand / Getty Images Halloween is the time of year when children go trick-or-treating as ghosts and goblins and adults dress up to attend grown-up costume parties. If you live with social anxiety disorder (SAD), the thought of drawing attention to yourself with an outlandish costume might be scarier than any Halloween scene you could conjure up. If you have been invited to a Halloween party  or plan to get dressed up to hand out candies on Halloween night, choosing a costume will be your first task. Below are costumes matched to how far along you are in conquering your social anxiety. Moderate to Severe Social Anxiety The Hide-Your-Face Costume Halloween is the one day of the year you can totally hide your face from view and no one will think twice. If you really feel like hiding  this Halloween, grin and bear it by choosing a costume that allows you to at least hide your face a little, such as an animal or monster costume with a full head mask or a Zorro costume in which part of your face is obscured. Just make sure that whatever face-covering costume you choose still gives you  plenty of room to see and make eye contact with others during the night. Andâ€"try to build up to a more revealing costume next year. Continually hiding could be considered a safety behavior, which will only make social anxiety worse in the long run. If you feel yourself start to relax, you could even remove your mask to challenge yourself a little. The Mute Costume If you dont feel much up to making conversation this Halloween, consider dressing as a character who would be expected to be quiet or mute. Costumes such as Edward Scissorhands or Charlie Chaplin allow you to be a  little quiet and eccentric for the evening without anyone questioning your behavior. Remember though, if you feel the urge to break out of character and join in the conversation, Halloween is a great night to relax and let go of your social fears. Mild Social Anxiety The Group Costume Sometimes the best way to blend in during Halloween is to dress up as part of a pair or a group. Examples of pairs and group costumes include Batman and Robin, The Wizard of Oz, and The Flintstones. Another advantage of dressing up as a pair or group is that it gives you a chance to connect with others and have companions for the evening. Make sure that your costume is obvious enough to stand on its own, or you might end up getting puzzled looks all night. The Conversation-?Starter Costume If you are feeling bold this Halloween, consider dressing in a costume that is an easy conversation starter. Costumes that are quirky fit the bill, such as a garbage can. Also, consider unique costumes such as the dinosaur with a caged man  or obscure costumes such as a character from Dr. Who. Conversation-starter costumes are a great way to break the ice, make people laugh  and show your creativity and originality. Social Anxiety Well Under Control The Be-Someone-Youre-Not Costume If you really feel like breaking out of your shell this Halloween, try a costume that is in complete opposition to your usual personality. Examples might include superheroes, gypsies, french maids  and other bold characters. If you arent sure whether you can pull off an attention-getting costume, remember that Halloween is a night that you can be someone else. Take the opportunity to play a different part for the night and try out a different personality. No one expects you to be yourself, so this is a chance to really take some risks and push your usual boundaries.

First Person, Singular Fiction as a Vehicle for a Deeper Truth - Literature Essay Samples

The map is not the territory, the sculpture is not the subject, and the sequential arrangement of black marks on a white page or screen (or red ochre on a cave wall) is not the reality it attempts to depict. Every recorded human experience has been changed by transmission through the human medium, simply because with every passing letter the author must select—and permanently record—one symbol and not another. Meanings of some words have changed over time, acquiring and losing symbolic and allegorical meanings until the literal interpretation of a poem or story differs substantially from the symbolic one. (1) Yet, when an author finds le mot juste and strings enough of them together, he or she can do three very important things. First, the author can take a snapshot of a specific character’s perspective and context in an authentic â€Å"realistic† environment. This, while doctored somewhat with the literary equivalent of PhotoShop, is still the best techni que for capturing a generic person’s experience, because it allows an author to agglomerate the experiences of many people so as to create a more complete depiction of reality. Second, the author can depict themes and images that illustrate deep and permanent truths that transcend individual situations. Finally, the author can express feelings, ideas, and emotional responses that are simply not possible to convey using conventional historical analysis. It is impossible to know what a long-dead person truly thought or felt without speculating or extrapolating ideas based on primary sources. This essay will show how Erich Maria Remarque achieved all three of these objectives in All Quiet on the Western Front. Remarque, by allowing one of the characters in the story to narrate the story complete with his own feelings and thoughts, has access to more than just his personal experience of the war. Remarque (born Erich Paul Remarque) did in fact serve in WWI, having been conscripted in 1916 and having reached the front on June 26, 1917. He was wounded about a month later and finished out the war working in the hospital. (2) His main character in the novel, Paul Bà ¤umer, carries the author’s discarded middle name, lost his mother at about the same time Remarque’s mother died, and is also a writer of sorts. However whereas Remarque was conscripted, Paul and his classmates volunteered. With only one month in the trenches, Remarque could not possibly have personally experienced a winter there or personally lived through all of Paul’s experiences. So, athough Remarque is known for drawing on personal experience in his character and setting descriptions, Paul is not Remarqueâ €™s literary alter ego. (3) Yet it is entirely plausible that Paul’s adventures may have been based on the recollections or fantasies of other soldiers in the hospital where he served. The rules of the first person singular necessarily limit the narrator’s awareness to what the character personally experiences. This might have presented a big problem had Remarque not condensed the experiences of many real people into the story of one. By condensing reality this way, a more complete picture of the front is presented without sacrificing emotional realism. Is the book a truthful description of one real person’s experience? Absolutely not. Is it an accurate portrayal of what was actually going on? Well, according to other readers who lived through the same trench war, and to the critic Walter von Molo, it was convincing and universal enough to be â€Å"unser Weltkriegsdenkmal†, (5) or our monument of the World War. Remarque uses episodic structure to capture the fleeting, disconnected emotional state of Paul and the other soldiers, and he uses symbolic language to encourage the reader to look for deeper and more allegorical meanings. Consider this example, which depicts the earth as mostly (but not entirely) a feminine entity. This passage anthropomorphizes the earth both as a poetic device and because of the structure of the German language, which requires a feminine pronoun for the word Erde, or earth: To no man does the earth mean so much as to the soldier. When he presses himself down upon her long and powerfully, when he buries his face and his limbs deep in her from the fear of death by shell-fire, then she is his only friend, his brother, his mother; he stifles his terror and his cries in her silence and her security; she shelters him and releases him for ten seconds to live, to run, ten seconds of life; receives him again and often for ever. (4) Had Remarque been limited solely by the constraints of journalism, the type of editorializing seen in the above passage would have been extremely inappropriate. As part of a memoir, Remarque might have described his own thoughts or feelings, but he could not have generalized this way without entering into the realm of speculation. But, as a general conclusion drawn by a fictional character, the Earth characterization is not only acceptable but poignant. Because of the intimate nature of â€Å"Paul’s† narrative, the reader has access to all the character’s emotions, thoughts, and opinions. Some of the conclusions Paul and Kat draw, such as the reasons behind the arbitrary, capricious orders given by officers during training or away from the front line, are solely the product of the characters’ reasoning. They might be accurate, or not. Paul definitely matures over time: he even forgives Himmelstoß. But the emotional immediacy, and the contrast between Paul’s worries about his cold hands in Chapter 2 versus his apathy in the final chapter, bring the characters to life and provide ways for the readers to identify emotionally with them. Although most people have never survived an artillery bombardment or starvation, everyone has experienced fear and loss of control. Compared to relying solely on objective facts about what people have provably said and written, having access to Paul’s inner world creates a far more accurate illustration as to what a human being in his situation might experience. Even Paul does not always say or express what’s on his mind, and neither do real human beings. So capturing the total experience, from the inside as well as the outside, is only possible through fiction. Remarque, in All Quiet on the Western Front, delivers a whole-person experience instead of conjecture about what an infantryman â€Å"might have† felt. He makes liberal use of metaphor and poetic language to encourage deeper, universal interpretations of the work, and he condenses the experiences of multiple human beings into a more universal Everyman. These factors, together, allow him to create a more accurate and universal depiction of life in the trenches than would have been possible if he’d been limited to his own memoirs . Thus, although the voice of Erich Maria Remarque has been quieted by the grave, Paul Bà ¤umer will live forever. END NOTES (1) â€Å"There is no concept which is not embroiled in an open-ended play of signification, shot through with the traces and fragments of other ideas.† Terry Eagleton, expounding on ideas attributed to Jacques Derrida. Eggleton, Terry. Literary Theory, an Introduction. Copyright 1983 by Terry Eagleton. University of Minnesota Press, Page 131. (2) Remarque, Erich Maria. Im Westen Nichts Neues. Brian Murdoch, editor. Methuen Educational Ltd., reprinted 1996 by Routledge. Page 2. (3) Remarque, Erich Maria. Im Westen Nichts Neues. Brian Murdoch, editor. Methuen Educational Ltd., reprinted 1996 by Routledge. Page 4. (4) Remarque, Erich Maria. All Quiet on the Western Front by A. W. Wheen, Fawcett Press. Online version (no page numbers, chapters only.) Chapter 4, third scene. (5) Ullstein, quoting von Molo, in the pamphlet Urteile à ¼ber das Kriegsbuch von Remarque, Ger. Pamph. F. 8, Taylor institute, Oxford. BIBLIOGRAPHY Eagleton, Terry. Literary Theory, an Introduction. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota, 1983. Print. Remarque, Erich Maria. All Quiet on the Western Front. A.W. Wheen, translator. London: Fawcett Press, 1929. Online. Remarque, Erich Maria. Im Westen Nichts Neues. Murdoch, ed. Oxon: Routedge. 1996 (reprint). Print. Ullstein, Urteile à ¼ber das Kriegsbuch von Remarque, Ger. Pamph. F. 8, Taylor institute, Oxford.

mark kasky vs nike - 1197 Words

â€Å"Marc Kasky versus Nike† 1. What responsibility does Nike have for conditions of work at foreign factories making its products? The company expanded efforts to stop workplace abuse and started a public relations campaign. It became the only shoe company in the world to eliminate the use of polyvinyl chloride in shoes construction, ending worker exposure to chloride compounds. It revised its conduct code, expanding protections for workers. It set up a compliance department of more than 50 employees. Its staff members were assigned to specific Asian plants or to a region, where they trained local managers and did audits assessing code compliance. Nike helped to start a voluntary CSR initiative called the Fair Labor Association to†¦show more content†¦Regarding the most controversial social and yet throughout the history of NIKE to the end of 2020 is expected to have only topics contract factories that demonstrate a commitment to their employees and include protection and workers rights, issues health and safety, and a progressive movement toward defining the approach of the just wage proposed by the fair Labor Association. Although this is advertised, what really matters is to be met, so hopefully within the program when finished, have minimally met these standards have been proposed. And if so, NIKE would be an example of a brand with a good Corporative Social Responsibility 4. Did the California Supreme Court correctly decide the Kasky case? Why or why not? The highest American court decided to send the famous record vs. Nike Kasky lower courts, saying that did not belong to his jurisdiction. The Supreme Court rejected an appeal by the Nike Company in which it was stated that an advertising campaign to refute accusations of exploitation of staff was protected by the right to freedom of expression. The case of Nike vs Kasky, was rejected on a technicality, and in fact goes back to the lower courts of the American legal structure. But, anyway, has major implications for advertisers in general. If Nike had actually lost, would have severely limited the possibilities for companies to defend themselves publicly.Show MoreRelatedCorporate Social Response6999 Words   |  28 Pagesthe Corporate Crime Reporter: The CSR cost for Nike is about $10 million to $12 million a year, just for the CSR staff and expenses, to go to these sustainability meetings all over the world. ... They have two or three Nike people at every meeting. That’s part of the CSR game. ... I figure 75 cents per pair of shoes to the worker would fix the problem. If Nike instead paid workers 75 cents more per pair of shoes, do you know what that would cost Nike compared to the CSR cost? That would cost themRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 PagesDevelopmental Editor: Jane Beck Associate M arketing Manager: Jaime Halteman Project Manager: Erin Melloy Buyer: Kara Kudronowicz Design Coordinator: Margarite Reynolds Cover Designer: Studio Montage, St. Louis, Missouri Cover Images: Top to bottom,  © Mark Downey/Getty Images; Jacobs Stock Photography/Getty Images;  © Goodshoot/PunchStock Media Project Manager: Balaji Sundararaman Compositor: Aptara ®, Inc. Typeface: 10/12 Times Roman Printer: Quad/Graphics All credits appearing on page or at the end of

Using Ex Cons to Teach Business Ethics Essay - 634 Words

The ethical issues in this case are that business schools and corporations were found to require more ethics training resources due to a number of large scandals were booming into the public eye. The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 and the revision of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines created new rewards and repercussions to corporations providing more ethics training programs. The less ethics training offered by a corporation, the more severe the punishment would be or wrongdoing. Using ex-cons as a tool to teach ethics came to be a new growing profitable opportunity. Colleges started using this tool to attempt to teach students about business ethics. There are pros and cons to this opportunity and it is a controversial topic. There are†¦show more content†¦I think I could learn a little from an ex con, however, not a lot about ethics. I don’t believe that someone else’s story changes an ethical decision someone else might make. What I could learn would consist of the specific consequences for the specific crime and the impact it had on this person’s life. Being fully aware of consequences can be helpful, but ultimately most people need to experience things on their own to have the full effect. An ex con could teach someone the unknowns of the inside of prison, or the regret felt by the loss of important things by them and how important it is to maintain your own important things. This could be a tool used for ethical decision making. An ex con could probably teach many skills necessary for understanding ethics, but without the desire to apply them, it’s pointless. The skills that could be taught by a white collar ex-con should not have a price tag on them. If successful business executives will conduct these speeches and services for free, then I definitely do not believe that ex-cons should get paid. As I stated earlier, that is setting a bad example in general. As a repayment to the society that they have subjected this harm onto, if they are truly remorseful then they should be willing to provide that service at no cost. If they are being paid for the service and it is known that they are being paid, how does anyone know that they have truly learned a lesson and have some valuable wisdom toShow MoreRelatedEthical Decision Making and Behavior13474 Words   |  54 Pages7 Ethical Decision Making and Behavior As we practice resolving dilemmas we find ethics to be less a goal than a pathway, less a destination than a trip, less an inoculation than a process. —Ethicist Rushworth Kidder WHAT’S AHEAD This chapter surveys the components of ethical behavior—moral sensitivity, moral judgment, moral motivation, and moral character—and introduces systematic approaches to ethical problem solving. We’ll take a look at four decision-making formats: Kidder’s ethical checkpointsRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesC—Individual Affordability Credits TITLE IV—SHARED RESPONSIBILITY Subtitle A—Individual Responsibility Subtitle B—Employer Responsibility TITLE V—AMENDMENTS TO INTERNAL REVENUE CODE OF 1986 Subtitle A—Shared Responsibility Subtitle B—Credit for Small Business Employee Health Coverage Expenses Subtitle C—Disclosures To Carry Out Health Insurance Exchange Subsidies Subtitle D—Other Revenue Provisions rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS DIVISION B—MEDICARE AND MEDICAID IMPROVEMENTS TITLE I—IMPROVINGRead MoreErp Sap Research Paper46896 Words   |  188 PagesPRENTICE HALL MA NAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS TITLES MIS: Brown/DeHayes/Hoffer /Martin/Perkins, Managing Information Technology 6/e  © 2009 JessuplValacich, Information Systems Today 31e  © 2008 Kr oenke, Using MIS 21e  © 2009 Kr oenke, Experiencing MIS  © 2008 Laudon/Laudon, Management Information Systems 10le  © 2007 Laudon/Laudon, Essentials of Management Information Systems 81e  © 2009 Luftman et aI., Managing the IT Resource  © 2004 Malaga, Information Systems Technology  © 2005 McKeen/SmithRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 PagesTOP-TEAM POLITICS†¦page 90 WHEN YOUR CORE BUSINESS IS DYING†¦page 66 Y GE SE PA IN DS CK R M WA A 53 www.hbr.org April 2007 58 What Your Leader Expects of You Larry Bossidy 66 Finding Your Next Core Business Chris Zook 78 Promise-Based Management: The Essence of Execution Donald N. Sull and Charles Spinosa 90 The Leadership Team: Complementary Strengths or Conï ¬â€šicting Agendas? Stephen A. Miles and Michael D. Watkins 100 Avoiding Integrity Land Mines BenRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Developing Leadership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 15—Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Ethics in Modern Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Ethics—A Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Contents xiii The Importance of Ethics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 The Ethical Information Professional . . . . . . . . . . . . Read MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pageschallenges currently facing organizations and managers. List and define each of the seven major categories of HR activities. Identify the three different roles of HR management. 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But prior to the advent of popular culture and especially the music recording business in the late twentieth century, its apparatus of cultural formation was controlled fully by the elite who, to a large extent, ran the educational apparatus and the economic system. But much of the country was beginning to question in earnest the

The United States And The Native Americans Essay - 1594 Words

The United States and the Native Americans have a rich historical background. Though on the surface it is filled with hatred and injustice, there are a lot more complex interactions once thoroughly examined. The U.S, once a colony of the Europeans, eventually grew into the strong standing nation that it is today. Meanwhile the original inhabitants, the Native Americans, often received the aggression and oppression of this growing nation, but they weren’t the savages the U.S. claimed them to be. In fact, the Iroquois Confederacy was the main influence of the U.S Constitution. This paper will discuss the differences as well as the similarities, which are thought to be controversial, between these two historical documents. The difference between the two groups has been very apparent for the hundreds of years they cohabited. For the Native Americans everything about the American culture clashed greatly with their own beliefs and systems within their own community. An example would be how their community was mainly led by the idea of equality and a voice for everyone, no matter how young or old. According to Grinde’s analysis, â€Å"Iroquois political philosophy was transmitted through the social education of the young† and â€Å"power [was] equally distributed male and female, young and old [rather] than in European American society† (236). The Iroquois also placed a tremendous amount of importance in teaching the younger people about politics so they had enough education to be able toShow MoreRelatedNative Americans And The United States Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesand early Americans have pushed away Native Americans. Natives were not only thrown into an unknown land, but were also killed in large numbers while changing their culture trying to fit in. The United States was nothing but rude to these people who owned the land centuries before the first Englishman ever stepped foot in America. The United States destroyed these societies to shreds without ever really giving them a good chance to live among the Americans. I believe the United States should haveRead MoreThe United States And Native Americans Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe history between Native Americans and Americans is harsh. Native Americans have been pushed off of their land by Americans and put into smaller reservations. The united states have enforced a number of treaties trying to better the relationship but it has oppressed Natives. Recently the united states were plaining to build an oil pipeline that would run through native land and the native Americans did not want the pipeline to be built. So this created more tension between the two. History ofRead MoreNative Americans And The United States1443 Words   |  6 PagesMany people think that the African-Americans are the most oppressed group of people ever in the United States. That may be true based on the quality of oppression, but not the length of this type of treatment. The Native Americans have been the most oppressed group of people ever in the United States, and even in the colonies that preceded the US. From the early 16th century until even today, the Native Americans were and are being oppressed in this country. The cause was because of colonizationRead MoreNative Americans And The United States873 Words   |  4 Pageshow they helped to shape what is now American history. To think that when settlers first came to the new land native americans made up one hundred percent of the population but now are roughly only one percent of the total population is very disappointing to see. This decline of population was due to many different factors such as, terri torial conflicts, war, disease, and being forced to re-settle. When resettling, the journey alone that the native American had to take caused a huge decrease inRead MoreNative Americans And The United States991 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States as we know it, since its beginning has been based on immigration. Native Americans traveled during the Ice Age through the Bering Strait and English settlers sailed the Atlantic. Due to unknown reasons, most of the Native societies except for the Aztecs collapse before the arrival of the Europeans, which gives shine to the English settlements since their attainment set the roots of our society today. More importantly, it should be recognized the diverse cultures of English settlersRead MoreNative Americans And The United States Essay2035 Words   |  9 Pagesexperience challenges that the average American is not subject to, but Native Americans, who live on reservations, experience a unique set of social hardships. Many of these hards hips are due to the fact that they live on reservations where resources and esteem are scarce, but in order to preserve cultural identity and sovereignty, many natives believe it is not only their right to live on reservations, but their duty. Likewise, it is a duty of the United States government to provide these people, whoRead MoreNative Americans in the United States and African Americans3048 Words   |  13 PagesDeculturalization and the Struggle for Equality examines the educational policies in the United States that have resulted in intentional patterns of oppression by Protestant, European Americans against racial and ethnic groups. The historical context of the European American oppressor is helpful in understanding how the dominant group has manipulated the minority groups. These minority groups include Americans who are Native, African, Latin/Hispanic, and Asian. Techniques for deculturalization were appliedRead MoreNative Americans in the United States and Squanto Ess ay790 Words   |  4 PagesSquanto Squanto is a Native American who lived in the early seventeenth century in what is now the Northeast United States. When the English came to this area of America to settle, they became very fond of Squanto and used him as a translator due to his unique knowledge of the English language acquired through an earlier voyage to Europe. Squanto helped the Pilgrims adapt to their new surroundings by providing them with the knowledge that he and his ancestors used to survive when they firstRead MoreEssay Native American Relations with The United States4012 Words   |  17 PagesNative American Relations with The United States What were the significant treaties, policies, and events that defined US Government and Native American Relations? How did the Native American respond to these treaties, polices, and events historically? How did these treaties, policies, and events affect the subsistence, religion, political, and social structures of the Native American people? I will answer these questions through the examination of two centuries of US history in six timeRead MoreEssay on Native Americans vs the United States of America1956 Words   |  8 PagesTimes were very hard for Native Americans during the mid to late 1800s. The reasons for their afflictions could only be blamed upon the United States of America. For thousands of years, Native Americans had roamed around the Americas. There had also been many tribes spread across the West that fought between each other in order to have their land.1 It wasn’t until after reconstruction in the United States, that the white Americans started having ordeals with the Native Americans. The main tribes involved

Comparison of Jesus and Confucius - 1005 Words

To compare and contrast Jesus Christ and Confucius Two different men, living half of century apart on different continents, representatives of distinctly unlike cultures, and yet their influence on world is so similar. Both men set the beginnings of new religions and new eras in their countries. The religions they founded, survived for two millenniums shaping ideologies not of a single country but of half of the world. Their names are very well known and influential even in modern world. These names belong to a Chinese philosopher Confucius and Jewish religious leader Jesus Christ. The two religions they founded are Confucianism and Christianity. Even though these religions dominated in very distant from each other parts of the†¦show more content†¦Another major difference in teachings of Confucius and Jesus are the directions how to achieve the ideal personality. Confucius teaches a person to achieve five major qualities such as kindness in the father and obedient devotion in the son, gentility in the eldest brother and hum ility and respect in the younger, righteous behavior in the husband and obedience in the wife, humane consideration in elders and deference in juniors, benevolence in rulers and loyalty of ministers and subjects (Analects, 18) All these qualities describe social roles of a person, most importantly the roles of a human in his family. And that’s what seems most important to Confucius, not the individual’s self but rather his or her relationships with surrounding people. The goal of Confucianism is to achieve harmony in society through everybody having perfect relationships with each other. Fulfilling social roles and expectations is the central dogma in the Confucius’ teaching. However, Christianity takes relationships one step further than Confucius. Not only can we have the five relationships espoused by Confucius, we can also have a personal relationship with God. It is from this connection that our earthly relationships find their greatest meaning. Jesus state s it in his teaching: â€Å"if you forgive men their offences, your heavenly father will forgive you; but if you do notShow MoreRelatedSimilarities And Differences Between Confucianism And Christianity1425 Words   |  6 PagesConfucianism is always distinguished as a system of ethical and social philosophies and less of religion. Christianity, on the other hand, is regarded as a religion based on Jesus Christ’ teachings as documented in the Bible. According to Cambridge Dictionary, Confucianism is a religion that was started by a philosopher from China called Confucius based on his ideas. According to Rui (2007), some of the similarities between the two include their beliefs concerning love. Christianity teaches people to love othersRead MoreChristianity and Hinduism950 Words   |  4 Pages Christianity is one of the most influential religions known to man. Starting in c. 4 BCE a structure was about to be formed with the birth of Jesus, which led to the creation of the Christianity after Jesus was crucified and resurrected. The religion is monotheistic meaning it follows one god, referred to as â€Å"God†. The structure of Christianity has three major branches which are the Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestants, each branch containing a number of subcategories. ChristiansRead MorePlato and Confucius4610 Words   |  19 Pagescombined influence of Jesus and Socrates’ (3). On the surface, there are many similarities between Confucius and Plato. Both taught through means of dialogue, and both expressed reticence to provide direct definitions. Both advocated contemplation and education as the means for moral attainment, and both sought to balance contemplation with service. Both sought to apply their moral theory to public office (though both failed). And while Plato espoused the ‘heavenly’ forms, Confucius espoused the ‘DecreeRead MoreAn Analysis of Benjamin Franklins Autobiography1114 Words   |  5 PagesDream. Thesis: In his autobiography, Franklin is undoubtedly concerned with developing virtue and self-improvement, but relies on others as the primary frame of reference for his own progress, always measuring himself with others. This habit of comparison results in the development of vices as well as virtues. Background Aims At the start of the First Chapter, Franklin claims to write only so that his own life may be an example for his son of how one can live well and how one can get throughRead MoreNausicaa In The Valley Of The Wind Analysis1836 Words   |  8 PagesOhm’s rampage in Miyazaki’s film. Furthermore, Miyazaki draws blatant parallels between the actions and characteristics of Nausicaa and Jesus Christ. Indeed, from embodying ‘Christian Pacifism’ to her death and resurrection during the film’s climax, Nausicaa is a direct representation of Christ and several biblical themes. Scholar Ian DeWeese-Boyd makes this comparison, claiming that Miyazaki resembles human ailments, particularly war and environmental destruction, through the combined lens of NausicaaRead MoreThe Ethical Teachings of Jesus7860 Words   |  32 PagesThe Ethical Teachings of Jesus. IT is a notable characteristic of Christianity that the ethical teachings of its Founder are inseparably connected with his religious teachings. Thou shall love thy neighbor as thyself is not given by him as a separate and detached precept, but as one of two. Thou shall love the Lord thy God with all thy heart; and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the great and first commandment. 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Road Safety In Nigeria Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Public policy refers to the action or inactivity of the authorities on an issue ( s ) ( Thomas 2001 cited in Buse et al 2005 ) . It sets hierarchy by transporting out the picks of those with the bid of authorization in the populace. This makes public policy alteration really complex as assorted persons, administrations and even the province have conflicting involvement and capacities. We will write a custom essay sample on Road Safety In Nigeria Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is therefore the demand for coherency of interest/capacities in an effort to consequence a alteration ( Colebatch 2002 ) . Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explicate the schemes that would be used to consequence a alteration in public policy on route safety in Nigeria. Health Issue and Public Health Importance: Road Traffic Collision ( RTC ) is a major public wellness issue globally. It is defined as personal hurt ensuing from hit of a vehicle with another vehicle ( s ) or a prosaic, happening on the public main road or footways ( Worcestershire County Council 2010 ) . The Situation Globally: RTC histories for over 1.2 million deceases with approximately 20 to 50 million non fatal hurts ( a major cause of disablement ) happening yearly. It is the 9th prima cause of decease globally and is estimated to lift to be the 5th prima cause of decease by twelvemonth 2030 ( with approximately 2.4 million human deaths per twelvemonth ) out ranking public wellness issues like TB, HIV/AIDS ( soon the 5th prima cause of decease ) and diarrhoea diseases ( WHO 2008 ) . This means that by the twelvemonth 2030, RTC will be perceived every bit lifelessly as HIV/AIDS is today, if pressing action is non taken. The planetary losingss due to route traffic hurts are estimated to be about 518 billion USD, bing the authorities between 1 – 3 % of its gross national merchandise ( WHO 2009a ) . Nigeria: Figure: Map of Nigeria demoing major accident zones. Beginning: Savan demographic map Nigeria is Africa ‘s most thickly settled state, with an estimated population size of about 151,319,500 ( World Bank 2010 ) . It is one of the 10 states with the highest Road traffic decease rates in the universe ( WHO 2009a ) . RTA is the commonest cause of decease from unwilled injuries/ public force in the state ( Nigeria Watch 2007 ) . Usoro ( 2010 ) stated that there are about 30,000 accidents with about 35,000 casualties happening annually. About 90 individuals are killed or injured day-to-day and about 4 individual ‘s dies or acquire injured every hr from RTA. He argues that the figures are underestimated because of hapless coverage and hapless recording of route accidents in the state. Low socio economic groups have been found to be at higher hazard of route traffic hurts ( Thomas et al 2004 ) and they are less likely to hold the capacity to bear the direct or indirect cost related to RTA. They are faced with more poorness load as they lose their staff of life victor ; lose net incomes while caring for the injured or handicapped, the cost for funeral and drawn-out wellness attention ( DFID 2003 ) . RTC has its greatest impact among the immature and is the 3rd prima cause of decease between ages 5 – 45years ( WHO 2009 ) with a decrease in the Country ‘s productive force, farther declining the economic state of affairs, therefore impacting the state accomplishing its MDGS 1 AND 4. The major causes of RTC in Nigeria are ; high velocity, intoxicant, bad roads, hapless vehicle conditions etc ( Usoro 2010 ) . Although there is limited literature to demo the different per centums of the causes of RTC in Nigeria, high velocity is most concerned in low income states ( WHO 2009 ) . Surveies have shown that a 5 % addition in mean velocity can ensue in about 20 % addition in fatal clangs ( Transport Research Centre 2006 ) and with a 1mph decrease in mean velocity there is a decrease in accident hurts by 5 % ( Finch et al 1994 ) . The debut of velocity cameras in the Isle of Wight, UK resulted in an 83 % decrease of velocity on the island ( Environment and Transport select Committee 2004 ) . Reducing velocity has besides been shown to hold positive effects on wellness results e.g. cut downing respiratory jobs associated with wellness results ( Transport Research Centre 2006 ) . There is hence pressing demand for action to forestall this future pandemic. PROPOSED CHANGE ( POLICY CONTENT ) : Introduction of velocity cameras and enforcement of velocity bounds on Nigerian roads. Procedure aims: To cut down high velocity behavior of drivers and better Conformities to rush bounds To educate the populace on the benefits of obeying route safety steps Outcome aims: To cut down the morbidity and mortality from RTC by 30 % and to cut down the possible life old ages lost from RTC by 50 % by 2020. Policy end: To cut down the mortality and disablement associated with RTC from vehicle velocity in Nigeria. Enforcement of velocity bounds via Mobile cameras has been shown to be the individual most effectual scheme for cut downing human death from RTC ( Chisom and Naci 2008 ) . It is therefore most rational among other rational schemes but has to puddle its manner through the policy procedure. Hence the nature of alteration follows the assorted scanning theoretical account. For better apprehension of the complex many-sided nature of policy devising, the proposed policy alteration is seen as go throughing through a procedure taking topographic point in a peculiar context influenced by the participants/actors ( the policy analysis trigon ) ( Buse et al 2005 ) . Actors: Persons, administrations and groups orp Content Context Procedure Figure 2: Policy analysis trigon Beginning: Walt and Gilson 1994. THE POLICY Procedure: Agenda scene Policy rating and feedback Policy preparation Policy execution The policy procedure can be broken down into series of phases called the ‘stages heuristic ‘ ( Sabatier and Jenkins-smith cited in Buse et Al. 2005 ) .It provides a theoretical model for understanding the times and topographic points where tactical attacks can be applied to influence policy alteration ( Buse et al 2005 ) . Figure 3: Policy procedure Before traveling on with the policy procedure, it will be worthwhile understanding the state ‘s policy context as this will help in determining the procedure. THE NIGERIAN POLICY CONTEXT: The proposed wellness policy alteration can be affected by the undermentioned contextual factors ( Leichter 1979 ) : Situational factors: This includes the increasing broad spread public consciousness and load caused by RTA in the state as stated above. Cultural factors: There are about 250 cultural groups ( Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba been the major cultural groups ) in Nigeria. The major faiths are Christianity, Islamism, traditional beliefs. These major religious and cultural groups are the most politically influential and most thickly settled in the state ( CIA 2009 ) . Most people believe that route accident is religious and is caused by evil liquors ( Sarma 2007 ) . Hence the spiritual leaders, traditional/ethnic group leaders will play an of import function in converting their followings and bettering ownership for community support and policy execution success. International factors: Road safety issues have increased in impulse on the planetary docket ( termed the decennary of action ) with an ambitious mark to cut down route human deaths by twelvemonth 2020. It is supported by international organic structures such as WHO, WB, DFID, FIA foundation and other UN administration ( Commission for planetary route safety 2009 ) . These organic structures will therefore hold an impact on the preparation of policies, support, duologue, planning, and protagonism guidelines for any state shiping on a route safety policy enterprise. Structural Factors: ( a ) Political system: Nigeria is a democratic federation with degrees of authorization expressed at the federal, province and local authorities countries. There are 36 provinces and the federal capital district, 774 LGAs farther divided into 9555 wards ( the lowest political unit in the state ) . There are 3 weaponries of authorities, the Executive arm, Judiciary and the Legislature at the federal and province degrees. The legislative arm comprises of the upper house ( the senate ) and the lower house ( the House of Representatives ) elected from the province senatorial territories and the constituencies severally. Each province has an elected governor, the house of assembly, an executive council with powers to do Torahs. Each local authorities country has an elected executive president and an elective legislative council of members from electoral wards. The province authorities has significant liberty and control over the allotment and use of their resources ( WHO 2009b ) . The Federal Road Safety Commission: This is the lead bureau that regulates, enforces and coordinates all route safety direction activities at both the national, province and LGA level through their particular United States Marshals Services ( Volunteer arm ) and regular United States Marshals Services ( Uniformed ) . They play a major function in finding and implementing velocity bounds for assorted types of roads and vehicles ( FRSC 2010 ) . They receive aid from the constabulary, civil defense mechanism corps, NGO ‘S etc. ( B ) Civil societies, NGOs signifier e.g. RAPSON, APRI, SAVAN, and involvement groups are cardinal histrions in public policy devising and can take part at the commission phases of how a measure becomes a jurisprudence. ( degree Celsius ) Socio economic state of affairs: Nigeria is classified as a low income group state with a gross national income per capital of $ 930 ( WHO 2009a ) .This can impact acquiring the route safety policy on the docket among many other viing wellness issues. To the easiness the policy issue from the docket puting to execution and rating, a stakeholder analysis is really of import. STAKEHOLDER Analysis: It helps to identify Actors ; measure their involvement, power, confederation, place and importance in relation to the policy. It will assist to place and move to forestall misinterpretation and resistance to the policy ( Schmeer 2000 ) . Name of stakeholder ( administration, Group or person at the federal, province or local degree ) Stakeholder description ( primary intent, association, support ) Potential function in the procedure ( vested involvement in the activity ) Potential degree of committedness ( support or oppose, to what extent and why ) and how to acquire their support Available resources ( staff, voluntaries, ) Power Government/Political sector President Commanding officer in head of the armed forces, initiate authorities policies/bills Assenting to and sign language of measures, mentioning a measure back to the national assembly or to the constitutional tribunal on the measures constitutionality Moderate support, demand for dialogue and lobbying News conferences, high degree committedness ; statements and declarations at cardinal policy events, Speech High The senate and house of representatives The province Governor and province house of assembly Approves the proposed policy to go a jurisprudence, guarantee appropriate support Novices and approves Government policies at the province degree severally Sponsors/ Champions policy alteration, Has significant liberty and control over the allotment and use of their resources at province degree Some may back up and other may non. Necessitate to place title-holders, bargaining and lobbying for support Same as above News conferences, statements at cardinal policy events, Reports on commission meetings Same as above High High Ministry of wellness Implement policies, programmes and take actions to beef up the wellness system Draft measure in concurrence with the federal route safety committee, give advice to the authorities on the impact of route accidents Strongly back up the enforcement of the route safety jurisprudence proposed Political determination shapers, organizational construction of the freshly introduced nomadic injury squad High Federal route safety committee, Nigerian constabulary and the civil defense mechanism service corps Lead bureau on disposal of route safety in Nigeria Pilot trial, Assist the ministry of wellness with information for measure bill of exchange, Strongly back up the enforcement of the route safety jurisprudence proposed Organizational construction of the constabulary, civil defense mechanism, FRSC corps of United States Marshals Services three tier system High Ministry of finance Provides public financess, facilitates development and reappraisals budget, Prioritises reappraisal and blessing of budget for the proposed alteration Variable if the cost for execution is significantly increased Fundss to back up the purchase of velocity cameras High Ministry of transit Oversing transit safety Formulate and implement authorities policies on transit safety May or may non back up because of other undertakings like the new rail manner system development in the state Staffs available at assorted degrees High Ministry of Education Oversing instruction related actives Aid in execution of educational policies May non back up because of other pressing demands like salary increase for instructors Staffs available at assorted degrees High Pressure GROUPS NBC ( MEDIA ) , NURTW, NURTO Major political force per unit area groups Beginning of information, force per unit area and influence in policy development Strongly back up the policy alteration Organised construction and staffs available High International organic structures WHO, World bank, African development bank, Infrastructure pool for Africa, FIA, EURO NCAP, DFID, Multi stakeholders commission, cardinal donors/development spouses and oversee execution of the funded undertaking. Approves the proposal to utilize the fund grant in the procurance of the new policy Strongly support but would be concerned about corrupt patterns Financial, Potentially, human resources to influence policy, cardinal gate keepers for usage of planetary fund grant Medium Nongovernmental organization SAVAN, RAPSON, PATVORA, SAFETY ALLIANCE, AARSI, Nigerian red cross Agency committed to awareness, acceptance and observation of route safety patterns, station debut surveillance Legislative reform protagonism and policy execution Strongly back up Trained staffs every bit good as voluntaries. Low Professional administration Nigeria Medical Association, Researchers. Represents its members and support their involvement Can set force per unit area, and lobbying in the policy procedure Strongly back up Fiscal resources and potentially, human resources to act upon policy Medium Other civil societies Community leaders/chiefs, young person groups, Opinion leaders and determination shapers Can negociate the policy alteration and utile for execution Strongly back up They can call up voluntaries, consciousness and influence on the community, Medium Table1: Stakeholders analysis table. Template beginning and some of the stakeholders functions ( WHO 2008 ) , other functions: ( Schmeer 2000 ) . From the tabular array above, it can be seen that a batch of the cardinal stakeholders would strongly back up the enforcement of the route safety policy alteration. Schemes can so be developed ( consensus-building ) to advance actions for support and cut down resistance from the other stakeholders before go oning with the policy procedure. This can be done by sharing the information obtained among protagonists and encouraging treatment about how to turn to resistance. AGENDA Setting: This measure involves acquiring the issue onto the policy docket from among other issues that can potentially be of involvement to policy shapers ( Buse et al 2005 ) . Kingdon ( 1984 ) proposed that policies get on the docket through 3 independent watercourses ( job, political relations and policy watercourse ) which converge at a point called the policy window. This is the point a policy alteration is most likely to happen. These watercourses in the Nigerian context are as shown in the figure below: Policy window/ Action PointFig 4: Kingdon ‘s three stream theoretical account of docket scene ( Template beginning: policy and nutrition 2010 ) Call uping the Media: McCombs and Shaw ( 1972 ) foremost developed the docket puting theory, demoing a strong correlativity between media docket and the public docket on US presidential runs in 1968, 1972 and 1976. The media, been successful in stating the populace what to believe about ( University of Twente 2004 ) , will be mobilised to act upon the populace ‘s sentiment and accordingly the authorities through Television and wireless programmes/ News, News documents and articles from professional organic structures with accent on the magnitude and possible solution to cut downing the mortality from route traffic accidents. Restriction can besides be made to misdirect adverts which will promote velocity. Personal experience of RTC ( direct or indirect ) could be a more powerful teacher than the media ( University of Twente 2004 ) but both will complement each other in bettering the public docket and later the policy docket. Fig 5: Agenda puting demoing the function of the media ( Beginning: McQuail and Windahl 1993 ) . POLICY FORMULATION AND ADOPTION: This involves the stairss taken after the issue is placed on the docket up boulder clay when it is implemented. This portion of the procedure strongly lies in the sphere of the legislators which determines how a measure becomes jurisprudence and is implemented as shown below: FRSC SUPPORT ( Individuals/ administration ) Sponsor a Member of national assembly Forwarding of the measure to National assembly First Reading Second Reading ( polish ) Public input Committee phase ( Committee on route safety ) Report phase Third reading Public Input Assent ( Presidents marks the Bill ) Bill is promulgated Fig6: How measure becomes jurisprudence in Nigeria ( beginning of information: Jagaba 2009 ) Formulation Schemes: To maintain the issue on the docket through this phase, there is demand for: Continuous runs and Advocacy: Grassroots lobbying ( mobilising the populace to reach legislators or other policy shapers about the job ) and Direct Lobbying ( Phone calls, composing of letters, face to confront interactions ) , Mass Support by go toing commission meetings, Informing international stakeholders that the issue is on the docket, Dickering for protagonists from the legislators to better Alliance. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: This involves the procedure by which a policy is turned into pattern ( Buse et al 2005 ) . The bottom -up attack ( Lipsky 1980 ) will be a really good attack for the execution such that there is flow of information from the implementers to the policy shapers. However, effort will be made to include the top-down attack in order to understate divergence from the intended policy result. The execution procedure would necessitate clip and resources and should be a gradual procedure. It would be worthwhile holding a pilot undertaking in an country identified by research workers to hold a high mortality from RTA before execution at a National degree. Initial rapid demands appraisal: The route safety system would be assessed to happen out what is needed. The squad should include ; the constabulary, route safety committee, research workers, wellness economic expert, NGO ‘s, the NURTW, Volunteers, medical squads, Health policy analyst, the media, ministry of conveyance, support from developmental spouses, community/religious leaders and affecting the authorities at all degrees. The appraisal will supply scientific, managerial and technological maps of the policy from be aftering to rating. On designation of the specific demands, the execution work program will be drawn. Community/religious leaders will play a cardinal function in recommending within their communities/religious groups in converting their followings that RTC can be prevented and is non religious. Execution agenda: Legislation to stipulate velocity bounds applicable to different types of roads. Identifying strategic cheque points which should be countries identified to hold a comparatively high RTC ensuing from high velocity. Random placement of the squad to supervise vehicle velocity with the nomadic velocity cameras Fines to be paid by lawbreakers will be fixed and gross generated be used for maintain and purchase of velocity cameras. License suspension of lawbreakers who violates the jurisprudence over a specific figure of times as will be stated. The usage of promotion to inform the populace on the new jurisprudence, its benefits and punishments. Evaluation AND Feedback: Buse et Al ( 2005 P ) defines rating as â€Å" research designed specifically to measure the operation and or impact of a programme or policy in order to find whether the programme or policy is worth prosecuting farther † The technology theoretical account suggests that ideally there should be a direct relationship between research findings and policy determinations but nevertheless this is wholly non applicable as there tends to be spreads between the two communities. Advocacy alliance is needed to cut down this spread and should include bettering the cognition of policy shapers by supplying a scope of different research studies via the media, conferences and seminars, guaranting that major policies have ratings built into their budgets and execution programs and set up intermediate establishments to reexamine research and find its policy deductions e.g. NICE in England and Wales ( Buse et al 2005 ) . The rating procedure will affect the usage of the formative rating ( qualitative-observations, semi-structured interviews, focal point groups, advancement studies ) at the early phase to supply advice to policy shapers. It may so be used to modify and develop the plan. It will besides affect the usage of a summational rating ( quantitative- morbidity and mortality rates ) which measures result and the extent to which the programme has met its aims. The Donabedian model ( Donabedian 1978 ) : INPUTS INDICATORS Procedure INDICATORS End product Indexs Result INDICATORS Fundss for purchase of velocity cameras, logistics Human resources- constabulary and route safety Training of forces involved Political committedness Servicess offered- the usage of the velocity cameras Reding quality offered to lawbreakers Police/ route safety – driver interaction Speed direction among route users Collision rates from velocity Badness of hurts from RTC Mortality rates- per centum of deceases due to RTC ensuing from high velocity. Disability rates- the rate of disablements attributable to high velocity vehicle hit Complication rates Quality of life Table 2: Donabedian model Evaluation of the public presentation: Speed limit enforcement will besides be done at the micro, meso and macro degrees. The micro degree will include accessing public presentation of the squads at the territory degrees, the effectivity of the enforcement protocols used, the degree of corruptness and any execution spreads. The meso degree will include accessing public presentation at the administration degree which will include the clip taken to go to to wrongdoers when referred to the route safety Centres, and their function assisting and oversing the squad at the territory degree. The macro degree: this involves accessing funding of the programme and its map at the national or international degree. Decision: The policy procedure is a cyclical procedure happening in the environment of a altering political context. There is therefore the demand for uninterrupted protagonism alliance networking, monitoring and rating at all times. However, other causes of RTC such as bad roads, imbibing and drive which are non to the full implemented in the state should non be neglected as future programs should be made to further cut down the load of RTC to the barest lower limit. The execution of the nomadic velocity cameras and velocity bound enforcement will assist cut down RTC mortalities and disablements, better research and besides quality of life thereby unlocking growing and freeing resources for usage on other wellness concerns with the position of accomplishing the MDGs. How to cite Road Safety In Nigeria Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Education in emerging india free essay sample

Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of others, but may also be autodidactic. [1] Any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. Education is commonly divided into stages such as preschool, primary school, secondary school and then college, university or apprenticeship. 2. Education is a systematic process through which a child or an adult acquires knowledge, experience, skill and sound attitude. It makes an individual civilized, refined, cultured and educated. For a civilized and socialized society, education is the only means. Its goal is to make an individual perfect. Every society gives importance to education because it is a panacea for all evils. It is the key to solve the various problems of life. DEFINITIONS Since time immemorial, education is estimated as the right road to progress and prosperity. Different educationists’ thoughts from both Eastern and Western side have explained the term ‘education’ according to the need of the hour. Various educationists have given their views on education. Some important definitions are: 1. Mahatma Gandhi – â€Å"By education I mean an all-round drawing out of the best in man – body, mind and spirit. † 2. Rabindranath Tagore – â€Å"Education enables the mind to find out the ultimate truth, which gives us the wealth of inner light and love and gives significance to life. † 3. Dr. Zakir Husain – â€Å"Education is the process of the individual mind, getting to its full possible development. Swami Vivekananda – â€Å"Education is the manifestation of divine perfection already existing in man. † 5. Aristotle â€Å"Education is the creation of sound mind in a sound body. † 6. Rousseau â€Å"Education is the child’s development from within. † 7. Herbert Spencer- â€Å"Education is complete living. † 8. Plato – â€Å"Education is the capacity to feel pleasure and pain at the right moment. † 9. Aristotle – â€Å"Education is the creation of a sound mind in a sound body. † 10. Pestalozzi – â€Å"Education is natural, harmonious and progressive development of man’s innate powers. † 11. Froebel -â€Å"Education is enfoldment of what is already enfolded in the germ. † 12. T. P. Nunn â€Å"Education is the complete development of the individuality of the child. † 13. John Dewey – â€Å"Education is the process of living through a continuous reconstruction of experiences. † 14. Indira Gandhi – â€Å"Education is a liberating force and in our age it is also a democratizing force, cutting across the barriers of caste and class, smoothing out inequalities imposed by birth and other circumstances. † John Locke said, â€Å"Plants are developed by cultivation and men by education†. This world would have been enveloped in intellectual darkness if it had not been illuminated by the light of education. It is right to say that the story of civilization is the story of education. Thus, education is an integral part of human life. It is the basic condition for a development of a whole man and vital instrument For accelerating the wellbeing and prosperity by the light of education. NATURE OF EDUCATION As is the meaning of education, so is its nature. It is very complex. Let us now discuss the nature of education: 1. Education is a life-long process- Education is a continuous and lifelong process. It starts from the womb of the mother and continues till death. It is the process of development from infancy to maturity. It includes the effect of everything which influences human personality. 2. Education is a systematic process- It refers to transact its activities through a systematic institution and regulation. 3. Education is development of individual and the society- It is called a force for social development, which brings improvement in every aspect in the society. 4. Education is modification of behaviour- Human behaviour is modified and improved through educational process. Education is purposive: every individual has some goal in his life. Education contributes in attainment of that goal. There is a definite purpose underlined all educational activities. 6. Education is a training- Human senses, mind, behaviour, activities; skills are trained in a constructive and socially desirable way. 7. Education is instruction and direction- It directs and instructs an individual to fulfill his desires and needs for exaltation of his whole personality. 8. Education is life- Life without education is meaningless and like the life of a beast. Every aspect and incident needs education for its sound development. 9. Education is continuous reconstruction of our experiences- As per the definition of John Dewey education reconstructs and remodels our experiences towards socially desirable way. 10. Education helps in individual adjustment: a man is a social being. If he is not able to adjust himself in different aspects of life his personality can’t remain balanced. Through the medium of education he learns to adjust himself with the friends, class fellows, parents, relations, neighbours and teachers etc. Education is balanced development: Education is concerned with the development of all faculties of the child. it performs the functions of the physical, mental, aesthetic, moral, economic, spiritual development of the individual so that the individual may get rid of his animal instincts by sublimating the same so that he becomes a civilized person. 12. Education is a dynamic process: Education is not a static but a dynamic process which develops the child according to changing situations and times. It always induces the individual towards progress. It reconstructs the society according to the changing needs of the time and place of the society. 13. Education is a bipolar process: According to Adams, education is a bipolar process in which one personality acts on another to modify the development of other person. The process is not only conscious but deliberate. 14. Education is a three dimensional process: John Dewey has rightly remarked, â€Å"All educations proceeds by participation of the individual in the social consciousness of the race. † Thus it is the society which will determine the aims, contents and methods of teachings. In this way the process of education consists of 3 poles – the teacher, the child and the society. 15. Education as growth: The end of growth is more growth and the end of education is more education. According to John Dewey, â€Å"an individual is a changing and growing personality. † The purpose of education is to facilitate the process of his/her growth. Therefore, the role of education is countless for a perfect society and man. It is necessary for every society and nation to bring holistic happiness and prosperity to its individuals. AIMS OF EDUCATION Aims give direction to activities. Aims of education are formulated keeping in view the needs of situation. Human nature is multisided with multiple needs, which are related to life. Educational aims are correlated to ideals of life. The goal of education should be the full flowering of the human on this earth. According to a UNESCO study, â€Å"the physical, intellectual, emotional and ethical integration of the individual into a complete man/woman is the fundamental aim of education. † The goal of education is also to form children into human persons committed to work for the creation of human communities of love, fellowship, freedom, justice and harmony. Students are to be moulded only by making them experience the significance of these values in the school itself. Teachers could achieve this only by the lived example of their lives manifested in hundreds of small and big transactions with students in word and deed. Individual and Social Aims: Individual aims and social aims are the most important aims of education. They are opposed to each other individual aims gives importance for the development of the individuality. Social aim gives importance to the development of society through individual not fulfilling his desire. But it will be seen that development of individuality assumes meaning only in a social environment. Individual Aims – Sir Percy Nunn observes, â€Å"Nothing goods enters into the human world except in and through the free activities of individual men and women and that educational practice must be shaped the individual. Education should give scope to develop the inborn potentialities through maximum freedom. † Because: (1) Biologists believe that every individual is different from others. Every child is a new and unique product and a new experiment with life. Thompson says, â€Å"Education is for the individual†. Individual should be the centre of all educational efforts and activities. (2) Naturalists believe that central aim of education is the autonomous development of the individual. Rousseau said, â€Å"Everything is good as it comes from the hands of the Author of Nature, but everything degenerates in the hands of man. † God makes all things good, man meddles with them and they become evil. God creates everything good man makes it evil. So individual should be given maximum freedom for its own development. (3) Psychologists believe that education is an individual process because of individual differences. No two individuals are alike. So education should be according to the interest of the individual. Criticism of Individual Aim: Individual aim is not desirable because man is a social animal. Society’s interest should be protected. (1) Individual aim makes individual selfish. (2) Maximum freedom may go against the society. (3) Individuality cannot develop from a vacuum; it develops in a social atmosphere. (4) Unless society develops, individual cannot develop. (5) Who will recognize society- where individual is selfish? Social Aim: The supporters believe that society or state is supreme or real. The individual is only a means. The progress of the society is the aim of education. Education is for the society and of the society. The function of education is for the welfare of the state. The state will make the individual as it desires. It prepares the individual to play different roles in society. Individuality has no value, and personality is meaningless apart from society. If society will develop individual will develop automatically. Here society plays an important role. Criticism of Social Aim: (1) It makes individual only a tool of government. It reduces individual to a mere non-entity. (3) Society ignores the legitimate needs, desires and interests of the individual. (4) It is against the development of individuality of the individual. Synthesis between individual and social aims of education: Individual aim and social aim of education go independently. Both are opposing to each other. It is not in reality. Neither the individual nor the society can exist. The individual is the product of the society while society finds its advancement in the development of its individual member. Individual cannot develop in vacuum. According to John Adams, â€Å"Individuality requires a social medium to grow. † And T. P. Nunn says,† Individuality develops in social environment. † Conclusion: According to James Ross, â€Å"The aim of education is the development of valuable personality and spiritual individuality. † The true aim of education cannot be other than the highest development of the individual as a member of society. Let education burn the individual flame, feeding it with the oil of society. ETYMOLOGICAL MEANING OF EDUCATION Etymologically, the word ‘Education’ has been derived from different Latin words. Educare’ which means ‘to bring out’ or ‘to nourish’. b) ‘educere’ which means ‘to lead out’ or ‘to draw out’. c) ‘educatum’ which means ‘act of teaching’ or ‘training’. d) ‘educatus’ which means ‘to bring up, rear, educate’. e) ‘educatio’ which means â€Å"a breeding, a bringing up, a rearing. †  · The Greek word ‘pedagogy’ is sometimes used for education.  · The most common Indian word ‘shiksha’ is derived from the Sanskrit verbal root ‘shas’ which means ‘to discipline’, ‘to control’, ‘to instruct’ and ‘to teach’.  · Similarly the word ‘vidya’ is derived from Sanskrit verbal root ‘vid’ which means ‘to know’. Vidya is thus the subject matter of knowledge. This shows that disciplining the mind and imparting knowledge where the foremost considerations in India. Back in the 1500s, the word education meant â€Å"the raising of children,† but it also meant â€Å"the training of animals. † While there are probably a few teachers who feel like animal trainers, education these days has come to mean either â€Å"teaching† or â€Å"the process of acquiring knowledge. † Functions of education The two important questions concerning the role of education in society are: what could education achieve? And does it do that well? The answer to the questions can be given by associating four central functions to education, on an abstract level prevalent in most educational system (Peschar and Wesselingh 1999) 1. The equal opportunity function: to promote equal opportunities to children of different backgrounds. 2. The selection function: to sort students efficiently according to their talents and interest. The selection function implies that efficient learning is achieved when the sorting process is optimized. The total production of knowledge and skill is then optimized. The allocation function: to prepare for the labour market. This function implies that education teaches skills that are productive for work, and thereby helps school leavers in the process of being allocated to different labour market positions, and employers in optimizing their productions. 4. The socialization function: to socialize students and pupils into active citizenship. Education can have an active role in the formation of active and participating citizens, and it can help to promote equality in civic competence. Moulding: The social function of education is to qualify the individual to function in the role he is to play later on in society; that is, to mould his character in such a way that it approximates the social character that his desires coincide with the necessities of his social role. Growth : (ref) Of all the processes involved in acquisition of mental tools, Vygotsky focused primarily on the use of language (it was through the work of his colleagues and students that acquisition of non-verbal mental tools was studied). For him, language is both the most important mental tool and a medium facilitating the acquisition of other mental tools. One of the best-known concepts that illustrates Vygotskys view of language is the concept of private speech. Private speech, or self-talk, originates in social speech, the initial form of speech that is directed to other people. Although it retains the audible characteristic of social speech, private speech changes its function. It now becomes speech directed to oneself rather than speech that is regulated or directed by a more capable person. Noticing that children tend to increase the amount of self-talk when facing more challenging tasks, Vygotsky hypothesized that at some point, they start using private speech to organize (plan, direct, or evaluate) their behaviors. The use of private speech peaks during preschool years and then decreases. Vygotsky associates this decrease with private speech turning first into inner speech and then into verbal thinking. This evolution of speech–from social to self-directed to internalized–exemplifies the path of all higher mental functions, which was described by Vygotsky in his law of the development of higher mental functions. According to this law, each higher mental function appears twice in the course of child development: first as shared or carried out by an individual jointly with other people–intersubjective–and then as appropriated or internalized by this individual and used independently–intrasubjective. Vygotskys view of child development and education is an extension of his general approach to the development of higher mental functions. Consistent with his definition of development as socially determined, Vygotsky introduced a new relationship between education, learning, and development. Vygotsky argued against the theorists who believed that child development occurs spontaneously and is driven by the processes of maturation and cannot be affected by education. Neither did he agree with those who claimed that instruction could alter development at any time regardless of a childs age or capacities. Instead, he proposed a more complex and dynamic relationship between learning and development that is determined by what he termed a childs zone of proximal development (ZPD). Vygotskys theory is based on the idea that learning can lead development, and development can lead learning, and this process takes place through a dynamic interrelationship. The ZPD is the area between a learners level of independent performance (often called developmental level) and the level of assisted performance–what the child can do with support. Independent performance is the best the learner can do without help, and assisted performance is the maximum the learner can achieve with help. By observing assisted performance one can investigate a learners potential for current highest level of functioning. ZPD reveals the learners potential and is realized in interactions with knowledgeable others or in other supportive contexts (such as make-believe play for preschool children). By providing assistance to learners within their ZPD we are supporting their growth. Through identification of a learners ZPD, teachers find out what knowledge, skills, and understandings have not yet surfaced for the learner but are on the edge of emergence. Teachers also study ways to engage the learner in shared or co-operative learning experience through participation in the learners ZPD. This involves doing more than completing a task in a combined fashion; it involves developing the learners higher mental functions, such as the ability to plan, evaluate, memorize, and reason. In How Children Think and Learn (1998), David Wood points out: By reminding children we are helping them to bring to mind and exploit those aspects of their past experience that we (as experts) but not they (as novices) know to be relevant to what they are currently trying to do (p. Read more: Developmental Theory Vygotskian Theory Vygotsky, Mental, Children, and Child StateUniversity. com http://education. stateuniversity. com/pages/1912/Developmental-Theory-VYGOTSKIAN-THEORY. html#ixzz2t7TbJZuz Initiation Formal, informal and non formal education At around the same time there were moves in UNESCO toward lifelong education and notions of ‘the learning society‘ which culminated in Learning to Be (‘The Faure Report’, UNESCO 1972). Lifelong learning was to be the ‘master concept’ that should shape educational systems (UNESCO 1972:182). What emerged was an influential tripartite categorization of learning systems. It’s best known statement comes from the work of Combs with Prosser and Ahmed (1973): Formal education: the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded ‘education system’, running from primary school through the university and including, in addition to general academic studies, a variety of specialised programmes and institutions for full-time technical and professional training. Informal education: the truly lifelong process whereby every individual acquires attitudes, values, skills and knowledge from daily experience and the educative influences and resources in his or her environment – from family and neighbours, from work and play, from the market place, the library and the mass media. Non-formal education: any organised educational activity outside the established formal system – whether operating separately or as an important feature of some broader activity – that is intended to serve identifiable learning clienteles and learning objectives. The distinction made is largely administrative. Formal education is linked with schools and training institutions; non-formal with community groups and other organizations; and informal covers what is left, e. g. interactions with friends, family and work colleagues. (See, for example, Coombs and Ahmed 1974). The problem with this is that people often organize educational events as part of their everyday experience and so the lines blur rapidly. As Fordham (1993) comments, these definitions do not imply hard and fast categories. In particular, there may well be some overlap (and confusion) between the informal and the non-formal. Just how helpful a focus on administrative setting or institutional sponsorship is a matter of some debate. Once we recognize that a considerable amount of education happens beyond the school wall it may be that a simple division between formal and informal education will suffice. It has certainly been