mark kasky vs nike - 1197 Words

â€Å"Marc Kasky versus Nike† 1. What responsibility does Nike have for conditions of work at foreign factories making its products? The company expanded efforts to stop workplace abuse and started a public relations campaign. It became the only shoe company in the world to eliminate the use of polyvinyl chloride in shoes construction, ending worker exposure to chloride compounds. It revised its conduct code, expanding protections for workers. It set up a compliance department of more than 50 employees. Its staff members were assigned to specific Asian plants or to a region, where they trained local managers and did audits assessing code compliance. Nike helped to start a voluntary CSR initiative called the Fair Labor Association to†¦show more content†¦Regarding the most controversial social and yet throughout the history of NIKE to the end of 2020 is expected to have only topics contract factories that demonstrate a commitment to their employees and include protection and workers rights, issues health and safety, and a progressive movement toward defining the approach of the just wage proposed by the fair Labor Association. Although this is advertised, what really matters is to be met, so hopefully within the program when finished, have minimally met these standards have been proposed. And if so, NIKE would be an example of a brand with a good Corporative Social Responsibility 4. Did the California Supreme Court correctly decide the Kasky case? Why or why not? The highest American court decided to send the famous record vs. Nike Kasky lower courts, saying that did not belong to his jurisdiction. The Supreme Court rejected an appeal by the Nike Company in which it was stated that an advertising campaign to refute accusations of exploitation of staff was protected by the right to freedom of expression. The case of Nike vs Kasky, was rejected on a technicality, and in fact goes back to the lower courts of the American legal structure. But, anyway, has major implications for advertisers in general. If Nike had actually lost, would have severely limited the possibilities for companies to defend themselves publicly.Show MoreRelatedCorporate Social Response6999 Words   |  28 Pagesthe Corporate Crime Reporter: The CSR cost for Nike is about $10 million to $12 million a year, just for the CSR staff and expenses, to go to these sustainability meetings all over the world. ... They have two or three Nike people at every meeting. That’s part of the CSR game. ... I figure 75 cents per pair of shoes to the worker would fix the problem. If Nike instead paid workers 75 cents more per pair of shoes, do you know what that would cost Nike compared to the CSR cost? That would cost themRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 PagesDevelopmental Editor: Jane Beck Associate M arketing Manager: Jaime Halteman Project Manager: Erin Melloy Buyer: Kara Kudronowicz Design Coordinator: Margarite Reynolds Cover Designer: Studio Montage, St. Louis, Missouri Cover Images: Top to bottom,  © Mark Downey/Getty Images; Jacobs Stock Photography/Getty Images;  © Goodshoot/PunchStock Media Project Manager: Balaji Sundararaman Compositor: Aptara ®, Inc. Typeface: 10/12 Times Roman Printer: Quad/Graphics All credits appearing on page or at the end of

Using Ex Cons to Teach Business Ethics Essay - 634 Words

The ethical issues in this case are that business schools and corporations were found to require more ethics training resources due to a number of large scandals were booming into the public eye. The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 and the revision of the Federal Sentencing Guidelines created new rewards and repercussions to corporations providing more ethics training programs. The less ethics training offered by a corporation, the more severe the punishment would be or wrongdoing. Using ex-cons as a tool to teach ethics came to be a new growing profitable opportunity. Colleges started using this tool to attempt to teach students about business ethics. There are pros and cons to this opportunity and it is a controversial topic. There are†¦show more content†¦I think I could learn a little from an ex con, however, not a lot about ethics. I don’t believe that someone else’s story changes an ethical decision someone else might make. What I could learn would consist of the specific consequences for the specific crime and the impact it had on this person’s life. Being fully aware of consequences can be helpful, but ultimately most people need to experience things on their own to have the full effect. An ex con could teach someone the unknowns of the inside of prison, or the regret felt by the loss of important things by them and how important it is to maintain your own important things. This could be a tool used for ethical decision making. An ex con could probably teach many skills necessary for understanding ethics, but without the desire to apply them, it’s pointless. The skills that could be taught by a white collar ex-con should not have a price tag on them. If successful business executives will conduct these speeches and services for free, then I definitely do not believe that ex-cons should get paid. As I stated earlier, that is setting a bad example in general. As a repayment to the society that they have subjected this harm onto, if they are truly remorseful then they should be willing to provide that service at no cost. If they are being paid for the service and it is known that they are being paid, how does anyone know that they have truly learned a lesson and have some valuable wisdom toShow MoreRelatedEthical Decision Making and Behavior13474 Words   |  54 Pages7 Ethical Decision Making and Behavior As we practice resolving dilemmas we find ethics to be less a goal than a pathway, less a destination than a trip, less an inoculation than a process. —Ethicist Rushworth Kidder WHAT’S AHEAD This chapter surveys the components of ethical behavior—moral sensitivity, moral judgment, moral motivation, and moral character—and introduces systematic approaches to ethical problem solving. We’ll take a look at four decision-making formats: Kidder’s ethical checkpointsRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesC—Individual Affordability Credits TITLE IV—SHARED RESPONSIBILITY Subtitle A—Individual Responsibility Subtitle B—Employer Responsibility TITLE V—AMENDMENTS TO INTERNAL REVENUE CODE OF 1986 Subtitle A—Shared Responsibility Subtitle B—Credit for Small Business Employee Health Coverage Expenses Subtitle C—Disclosures To Carry Out Health Insurance Exchange Subsidies Subtitle D—Other Revenue Provisions rmajette on DSK29S0YB1PROD with BILLS DIVISION B—MEDICARE AND MEDICAID IMPROVEMENTS TITLE I—IMPROVINGRead MoreErp Sap Research Paper46896 Words   |  188 PagesPRENTICE HALL MA NAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS TITLES MIS: Brown/DeHayes/Hoffer /Martin/Perkins, Managing Information Technology 6/e  © 2009 JessuplValacich, Information Systems Today 31e  © 2008 Kr oenke, Using MIS 21e  © 2009 Kr oenke, Experiencing MIS  © 2008 Laudon/Laudon, Management Information Systems 10le  © 2007 Laudon/Laudon, Essentials of Management Information Systems 81e  © 2009 Luftman et aI., Managing the IT Resource  © 2004 Malaga, Information Systems Technology  © 2005 McKeen/SmithRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 PagesTOP-TEAM POLITICS†¦page 90 WHEN YOUR CORE BUSINESS IS DYING†¦page 66 Y GE SE PA IN DS CK R M WA A 53 www.hbr.org April 2007 58 What Your Leader Expects of You Larry Bossidy 66 Finding Your Next Core Business Chris Zook 78 Promise-Based Management: The Essence of Execution Donald N. Sull and Charles Spinosa 90 The Leadership Team: Complementary Strengths or Conï ¬â€šicting Agendas? Stephen A. Miles and Michael D. Watkins 100 Avoiding Integrity Land Mines BenRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 Developing Leadership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 15—Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 Ethics in Modern Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Ethics—A Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Contents xiii The Importance of Ethics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 The Ethical Information Professional . . . . . . . . . . . . Read MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pageschallenges currently facing organizations and managers. List and define each of the seven major categories of HR activities. Identify the three different roles of HR management. Discuss the three dimensions associated with HR management as a strategic business contributor. Explain why HR professionals and operating managers must view HR management as an interface. Discuss why ethical issues and professionalism affect HR management as a career field. ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  ââ€"  3 HR TRANSITIONS HR ManagementRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBounded Rationality, and Intuition 175 †¢ Common Biases and Errors in Decision Making 177 Influences on Decision Making: Individual Differences and Organizational Constraints 184 Individual Differences 184 †¢ Organizational Constraints 186 What About Ethics in Decision Making? 187 Three Ethical Decision Criteria 187 †¢ Improving Creativity in Decision Making 188 Summary and Implications for Managers 190 S A S A S A L L L Self-Assessment Library What Are My Gender Role Perceptions? 166 glOBalizationRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesPractices 6 Recruiting 7 Employee Selection 7 Training and Development 7 Ethics and Employee Rights 7 Motivating Knowledge Workers 7 Paying Employees Market Value 8 Communications 8 Decentralized Work Sites 8 Skill Levels 8 A Legal Concern 8 Employee Involvement 20 How Organizations Involve Employees 20 Employee Involvement Implications for HRM 20 Other HRM Challenges 21 Recession 21 Off Shoring 21 Mergers 22 A Look at Ethics 22 Summary 23 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 24 KeyRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages............................................................................................. 165 Abusing Rules of Grammar .............................................................................................................. 167 Using and Over-Using Euphemisms .............................................................................................. 169 Unintended Innuendo ............................................................................................................Read MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesthere has always been a committed Jamaican counter- culture that celebrates and sees redemption in Africa and rejects the European values that have oppressed a society. But prior to the advent of popular culture and especially the music recording business in the late twentieth century, its apparatus of cultural formation was controlled fully by the elite who, to a large extent, ran the educational apparatus and the economic system. But much of the country was beginning to question in earnest the

The United States And The Native Americans Essay - 1594 Words

The United States and the Native Americans have a rich historical background. Though on the surface it is filled with hatred and injustice, there are a lot more complex interactions once thoroughly examined. The U.S, once a colony of the Europeans, eventually grew into the strong standing nation that it is today. Meanwhile the original inhabitants, the Native Americans, often received the aggression and oppression of this growing nation, but they weren’t the savages the U.S. claimed them to be. In fact, the Iroquois Confederacy was the main influence of the U.S Constitution. This paper will discuss the differences as well as the similarities, which are thought to be controversial, between these two historical documents. The difference between the two groups has been very apparent for the hundreds of years they cohabited. For the Native Americans everything about the American culture clashed greatly with their own beliefs and systems within their own community. An example would be how their community was mainly led by the idea of equality and a voice for everyone, no matter how young or old. According to Grinde’s analysis, â€Å"Iroquois political philosophy was transmitted through the social education of the young† and â€Å"power [was] equally distributed male and female, young and old [rather] than in European American society† (236). The Iroquois also placed a tremendous amount of importance in teaching the younger people about politics so they had enough education to be able toShow MoreRelatedNative Americans And The United States Essay1671 Words   |  7 Pagesand early Americans have pushed away Native Americans. Natives were not only thrown into an unknown land, but were also killed in large numbers while changing their culture trying to fit in. The United States was nothing but rude to these people who owned the land centuries before the first Englishman ever stepped foot in America. The United States destroyed these societies to shreds without ever really giving them a good chance to live among the Americans. I believe the United States should haveRead MoreThe United States And Native Americans Essay1300 Words   |  6 PagesThe history between Native Americans and Americans is harsh. Native Americans have been pushed off of their land by Americans and put into smaller reservations. The united states have enforced a number of treaties trying to better the relationship but it has oppressed Natives. Recently the united states were plaining to build an oil pipeline that would run through native land and the native Americans did not want the pipeline to be built. So this created more tension between the two. History ofRead MoreNative Americans And The United States1443 Words   |  6 PagesMany people think that the African-Americans are the most oppressed group of people ever in the United States. That may be true based on the quality of oppression, but not the length of this type of treatment. The Native Americans have been the most oppressed group of people ever in the United States, and even in the colonies that preceded the US. From the early 16th century until even today, the Native Americans were and are being oppressed in this country. The cause was because of colonizationRead MoreNative Americans And The United States873 Words   |  4 Pageshow they helped to shape what is now American history. To think that when settlers first came to the new land native americans made up one hundred percent of the population but now are roughly only one percent of the total population is very disappointing to see. This decline of population was due to many different factors such as, terri torial conflicts, war, disease, and being forced to re-settle. When resettling, the journey alone that the native American had to take caused a huge decrease inRead MoreNative Americans And The United States991 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States as we know it, since its beginning has been based on immigration. Native Americans traveled during the Ice Age through the Bering Strait and English settlers sailed the Atlantic. Due to unknown reasons, most of the Native societies except for the Aztecs collapse before the arrival of the Europeans, which gives shine to the English settlements since their attainment set the roots of our society today. More importantly, it should be recognized the diverse cultures of English settlersRead MoreNative Americans And The United States Essay2035 Words   |  9 Pagesexperience challenges that the average American is not subject to, but Native Americans, who live on reservations, experience a unique set of social hardships. Many of these hards hips are due to the fact that they live on reservations where resources and esteem are scarce, but in order to preserve cultural identity and sovereignty, many natives believe it is not only their right to live on reservations, but their duty. Likewise, it is a duty of the United States government to provide these people, whoRead MoreNative Americans in the United States and African Americans3048 Words   |  13 PagesDeculturalization and the Struggle for Equality examines the educational policies in the United States that have resulted in intentional patterns of oppression by Protestant, European Americans against racial and ethnic groups. The historical context of the European American oppressor is helpful in understanding how the dominant group has manipulated the minority groups. These minority groups include Americans who are Native, African, Latin/Hispanic, and Asian. Techniques for deculturalization were appliedRead MoreNative Americans in the United States and Squanto Ess ay790 Words   |  4 PagesSquanto Squanto is a Native American who lived in the early seventeenth century in what is now the Northeast United States. When the English came to this area of America to settle, they became very fond of Squanto and used him as a translator due to his unique knowledge of the English language acquired through an earlier voyage to Europe. Squanto helped the Pilgrims adapt to their new surroundings by providing them with the knowledge that he and his ancestors used to survive when they firstRead MoreEssay Native American Relations with The United States4012 Words   |  17 PagesNative American Relations with The United States What were the significant treaties, policies, and events that defined US Government and Native American Relations? How did the Native American respond to these treaties, polices, and events historically? How did these treaties, policies, and events affect the subsistence, religion, political, and social structures of the Native American people? I will answer these questions through the examination of two centuries of US history in six timeRead MoreEssay on Native Americans vs the United States of America1956 Words   |  8 PagesTimes were very hard for Native Americans during the mid to late 1800s. The reasons for their afflictions could only be blamed upon the United States of America. For thousands of years, Native Americans had roamed around the Americas. There had also been many tribes spread across the West that fought between each other in order to have their land.1 It wasn’t until after reconstruction in the United States, that the white Americans started having ordeals with the Native Americans. The main tribes involved

Comparison of Jesus and Confucius - 1005 Words

To compare and contrast Jesus Christ and Confucius Two different men, living half of century apart on different continents, representatives of distinctly unlike cultures, and yet their influence on world is so similar. Both men set the beginnings of new religions and new eras in their countries. The religions they founded, survived for two millenniums shaping ideologies not of a single country but of half of the world. Their names are very well known and influential even in modern world. These names belong to a Chinese philosopher Confucius and Jewish religious leader Jesus Christ. The two religions they founded are Confucianism and Christianity. Even though these religions dominated in very distant from each other parts of the†¦show more content†¦Another major difference in teachings of Confucius and Jesus are the directions how to achieve the ideal personality. Confucius teaches a person to achieve five major qualities such as kindness in the father and obedient devotion in the son, gentility in the eldest brother and hum ility and respect in the younger, righteous behavior in the husband and obedience in the wife, humane consideration in elders and deference in juniors, benevolence in rulers and loyalty of ministers and subjects (Analects, 18) All these qualities describe social roles of a person, most importantly the roles of a human in his family. And that’s what seems most important to Confucius, not the individual’s self but rather his or her relationships with surrounding people. The goal of Confucianism is to achieve harmony in society through everybody having perfect relationships with each other. Fulfilling social roles and expectations is the central dogma in the Confucius’ teaching. However, Christianity takes relationships one step further than Confucius. Not only can we have the five relationships espoused by Confucius, we can also have a personal relationship with God. It is from this connection that our earthly relationships find their greatest meaning. Jesus state s it in his teaching: â€Å"if you forgive men their offences, your heavenly father will forgive you; but if you do notShow MoreRelatedSimilarities And Differences Between Confucianism And Christianity1425 Words   |  6 PagesConfucianism is always distinguished as a system of ethical and social philosophies and less of religion. Christianity, on the other hand, is regarded as a religion based on Jesus Christ’ teachings as documented in the Bible. According to Cambridge Dictionary, Confucianism is a religion that was started by a philosopher from China called Confucius based on his ideas. According to Rui (2007), some of the similarities between the two include their beliefs concerning love. Christianity teaches people to love othersRead MoreChristianity and Hinduism950 Words   |  4 Pages Christianity is one of the most influential religions known to man. Starting in c. 4 BCE a structure was about to be formed with the birth of Jesus, which led to the creation of the Christianity after Jesus was crucified and resurrected. The religion is monotheistic meaning it follows one god, referred to as â€Å"God†. The structure of Christianity has three major branches which are the Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox, and Protestants, each branch containing a number of subcategories. ChristiansRead MorePlato and Confucius4610 Words   |  19 Pagescombined influence of Jesus and Socrates’ (3). On the surface, there are many similarities between Confucius and Plato. Both taught through means of dialogue, and both expressed reticence to provide direct definitions. Both advocated contemplation and education as the means for moral attainment, and both sought to balance contemplation with service. Both sought to apply their moral theory to public office (though both failed). And while Plato espoused the ‘heavenly’ forms, Confucius espoused the ‘DecreeRead MoreAn Analysis of Benjamin Franklins Autobiography1114 Words   |  5 PagesDream. Thesis: In his autobiography, Franklin is undoubtedly concerned with developing virtue and self-improvement, but relies on others as the primary frame of reference for his own progress, always measuring himself with others. This habit of comparison results in the development of vices as well as virtues. Background Aims At the start of the First Chapter, Franklin claims to write only so that his own life may be an example for his son of how one can live well and how one can get throughRead MoreNausicaa In The Valley Of The Wind Analysis1836 Words   |  8 PagesOhm’s rampage in Miyazaki’s film. Furthermore, Miyazaki draws blatant parallels between the actions and characteristics of Nausicaa and Jesus Christ. Indeed, from embodying ‘Christian Pacifism’ to her death and resurrection during the film’s climax, Nausicaa is a direct representation of Christ and several biblical themes. Scholar Ian DeWeese-Boyd makes this comparison, claiming that Miyazaki resembles human ailments, particularly war and environmental destruction, through the combined lens of NausicaaRead MoreThe Ethical Teachings of Jesus7860 Words   |  32 PagesThe Ethical Teachings of Jesus. IT is a notable characteristic of Christianity that the ethical teachings of its Founder are inseparably connected with his religious teachings. Thou shall love thy neighbor as thyself is not given by him as a separate and detached precept, but as one of two. Thou shall love the Lord thy God with all thy heart; and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the great and first commandment. And a second like unto it is this, thou shall love thy neighbor asRead MoreWorld Religion5936 Words   |  24 Pagesfeatures, influence on creative arts, historical interest and new forms of practice begun in the West. Name________________________ Class Hour_______ CHAPTER 5-JAINISM AND SIKHISM STUDY QUESTIONS (Pages 189-209) Group A 1. Offer some general comparisons and contrasts between Jainism and Sikhism. Describe some features Jainism shares with Buddhism. 2. Discuss the traditional life story of Mahavira and its relationship to the origin of Jainism. 3. Discuss the worldview of Jainism as it relatesRead MoreGlobal Business Cultural Analysis South Korea7932 Words   |  32 Pagesreligious group in South Korea is Christianity, (World Population Statistics, 2013). Christianity is based on the principle that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, who actually suffered and died on a cross. After dyeing on the cross, Jesus was buried, but was resurrected from the dead days later by God so that all Christians/Believers would obtain eternal life in Christ Jesus. Catholicism Catholicism reached South Korea in the 17th century when Matteo Ricci’s Catholic missionary works that were inRead MoreKluckhohn and Strodbeck’s Value Model2139 Words   |  9 Pagesevil Relationship to Nature Harmony with Nature Human control Nature Sense of Time Past orientation Future orientation Activity Being-who you are Doing-what you are doing Social Relationships Hierarchy Individual Comparison of Chinese Values and American Values Source: Linell Davis, Doing culture cross-cultural communication in action, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001. The traditional American belief about human nature is that humans are basicallyRead MoreThe Key Beliefs Of A Religious And Secular World View Of Secular Humanism5908 Words   |  24 Pagesand they aim to live their lives the way He would want them to. They follow the Holy Bible and believe that God sent Jesus Christ who is His son to die for mankind because of the sin in the world to save us. Catholics believe in going to Heaven and to be with God forever. Those who sin and do not repent will go to Hell as punishment. Catholics believe in three figures- God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit who lives in us to give us hope, faith in God. A brief description of world view Secular Humanism:

Road Safety In Nigeria Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Public policy refers to the action or inactivity of the authorities on an issue ( s ) ( Thomas 2001 cited in Buse et al 2005 ) . It sets hierarchy by transporting out the picks of those with the bid of authorization in the populace. This makes public policy alteration really complex as assorted persons, administrations and even the province have conflicting involvement and capacities. We will write a custom essay sample on Road Safety In Nigeria Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is therefore the demand for coherency of interest/capacities in an effort to consequence a alteration ( Colebatch 2002 ) . Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explicate the schemes that would be used to consequence a alteration in public policy on route safety in Nigeria. Health Issue and Public Health Importance: Road Traffic Collision ( RTC ) is a major public wellness issue globally. It is defined as personal hurt ensuing from hit of a vehicle with another vehicle ( s ) or a prosaic, happening on the public main road or footways ( Worcestershire County Council 2010 ) . The Situation Globally: RTC histories for over 1.2 million deceases with approximately 20 to 50 million non fatal hurts ( a major cause of disablement ) happening yearly. It is the 9th prima cause of decease globally and is estimated to lift to be the 5th prima cause of decease by twelvemonth 2030 ( with approximately 2.4 million human deaths per twelvemonth ) out ranking public wellness issues like TB, HIV/AIDS ( soon the 5th prima cause of decease ) and diarrhoea diseases ( WHO 2008 ) . This means that by the twelvemonth 2030, RTC will be perceived every bit lifelessly as HIV/AIDS is today, if pressing action is non taken. The planetary losingss due to route traffic hurts are estimated to be about 518 billion USD, bing the authorities between 1 – 3 % of its gross national merchandise ( WHO 2009a ) . Nigeria: Figure: Map of Nigeria demoing major accident zones. Beginning: Savan demographic map Nigeria is Africa ‘s most thickly settled state, with an estimated population size of about 151,319,500 ( World Bank 2010 ) . It is one of the 10 states with the highest Road traffic decease rates in the universe ( WHO 2009a ) . RTA is the commonest cause of decease from unwilled injuries/ public force in the state ( Nigeria Watch 2007 ) . Usoro ( 2010 ) stated that there are about 30,000 accidents with about 35,000 casualties happening annually. About 90 individuals are killed or injured day-to-day and about 4 individual ‘s dies or acquire injured every hr from RTA. He argues that the figures are underestimated because of hapless coverage and hapless recording of route accidents in the state. Low socio economic groups have been found to be at higher hazard of route traffic hurts ( Thomas et al 2004 ) and they are less likely to hold the capacity to bear the direct or indirect cost related to RTA. They are faced with more poorness load as they lose their staff of life victor ; lose net incomes while caring for the injured or handicapped, the cost for funeral and drawn-out wellness attention ( DFID 2003 ) . RTC has its greatest impact among the immature and is the 3rd prima cause of decease between ages 5 – 45years ( WHO 2009 ) with a decrease in the Country ‘s productive force, farther declining the economic state of affairs, therefore impacting the state accomplishing its MDGS 1 AND 4. The major causes of RTC in Nigeria are ; high velocity, intoxicant, bad roads, hapless vehicle conditions etc ( Usoro 2010 ) . Although there is limited literature to demo the different per centums of the causes of RTC in Nigeria, high velocity is most concerned in low income states ( WHO 2009 ) . Surveies have shown that a 5 % addition in mean velocity can ensue in about 20 % addition in fatal clangs ( Transport Research Centre 2006 ) and with a 1mph decrease in mean velocity there is a decrease in accident hurts by 5 % ( Finch et al 1994 ) . The debut of velocity cameras in the Isle of Wight, UK resulted in an 83 % decrease of velocity on the island ( Environment and Transport select Committee 2004 ) . Reducing velocity has besides been shown to hold positive effects on wellness results e.g. cut downing respiratory jobs associated with wellness results ( Transport Research Centre 2006 ) . There is hence pressing demand for action to forestall this future pandemic. PROPOSED CHANGE ( POLICY CONTENT ) : Introduction of velocity cameras and enforcement of velocity bounds on Nigerian roads. Procedure aims: To cut down high velocity behavior of drivers and better Conformities to rush bounds To educate the populace on the benefits of obeying route safety steps Outcome aims: To cut down the morbidity and mortality from RTC by 30 % and to cut down the possible life old ages lost from RTC by 50 % by 2020. Policy end: To cut down the mortality and disablement associated with RTC from vehicle velocity in Nigeria. Enforcement of velocity bounds via Mobile cameras has been shown to be the individual most effectual scheme for cut downing human death from RTC ( Chisom and Naci 2008 ) . It is therefore most rational among other rational schemes but has to puddle its manner through the policy procedure. Hence the nature of alteration follows the assorted scanning theoretical account. For better apprehension of the complex many-sided nature of policy devising, the proposed policy alteration is seen as go throughing through a procedure taking topographic point in a peculiar context influenced by the participants/actors ( the policy analysis trigon ) ( Buse et al 2005 ) . Actors: Persons, administrations and groups orp Content Context Procedure Figure 2: Policy analysis trigon Beginning: Walt and Gilson 1994. THE POLICY Procedure: Agenda scene Policy rating and feedback Policy preparation Policy execution The policy procedure can be broken down into series of phases called the ‘stages heuristic ‘ ( Sabatier and Jenkins-smith cited in Buse et Al. 2005 ) .It provides a theoretical model for understanding the times and topographic points where tactical attacks can be applied to influence policy alteration ( Buse et al 2005 ) . Figure 3: Policy procedure Before traveling on with the policy procedure, it will be worthwhile understanding the state ‘s policy context as this will help in determining the procedure. THE NIGERIAN POLICY CONTEXT: The proposed wellness policy alteration can be affected by the undermentioned contextual factors ( Leichter 1979 ) : Situational factors: This includes the increasing broad spread public consciousness and load caused by RTA in the state as stated above. Cultural factors: There are about 250 cultural groups ( Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba been the major cultural groups ) in Nigeria. The major faiths are Christianity, Islamism, traditional beliefs. These major religious and cultural groups are the most politically influential and most thickly settled in the state ( CIA 2009 ) . Most people believe that route accident is religious and is caused by evil liquors ( Sarma 2007 ) . Hence the spiritual leaders, traditional/ethnic group leaders will play an of import function in converting their followings and bettering ownership for community support and policy execution success. International factors: Road safety issues have increased in impulse on the planetary docket ( termed the decennary of action ) with an ambitious mark to cut down route human deaths by twelvemonth 2020. It is supported by international organic structures such as WHO, WB, DFID, FIA foundation and other UN administration ( Commission for planetary route safety 2009 ) . These organic structures will therefore hold an impact on the preparation of policies, support, duologue, planning, and protagonism guidelines for any state shiping on a route safety policy enterprise. Structural Factors: ( a ) Political system: Nigeria is a democratic federation with degrees of authorization expressed at the federal, province and local authorities countries. There are 36 provinces and the federal capital district, 774 LGAs farther divided into 9555 wards ( the lowest political unit in the state ) . There are 3 weaponries of authorities, the Executive arm, Judiciary and the Legislature at the federal and province degrees. The legislative arm comprises of the upper house ( the senate ) and the lower house ( the House of Representatives ) elected from the province senatorial territories and the constituencies severally. Each province has an elected governor, the house of assembly, an executive council with powers to do Torahs. Each local authorities country has an elected executive president and an elective legislative council of members from electoral wards. The province authorities has significant liberty and control over the allotment and use of their resources ( WHO 2009b ) . The Federal Road Safety Commission: This is the lead bureau that regulates, enforces and coordinates all route safety direction activities at both the national, province and LGA level through their particular United States Marshals Services ( Volunteer arm ) and regular United States Marshals Services ( Uniformed ) . They play a major function in finding and implementing velocity bounds for assorted types of roads and vehicles ( FRSC 2010 ) . They receive aid from the constabulary, civil defense mechanism corps, NGO ‘S etc. ( B ) Civil societies, NGOs signifier e.g. RAPSON, APRI, SAVAN, and involvement groups are cardinal histrions in public policy devising and can take part at the commission phases of how a measure becomes a jurisprudence. ( degree Celsius ) Socio economic state of affairs: Nigeria is classified as a low income group state with a gross national income per capital of $ 930 ( WHO 2009a ) .This can impact acquiring the route safety policy on the docket among many other viing wellness issues. To the easiness the policy issue from the docket puting to execution and rating, a stakeholder analysis is really of import. STAKEHOLDER Analysis: It helps to identify Actors ; measure their involvement, power, confederation, place and importance in relation to the policy. It will assist to place and move to forestall misinterpretation and resistance to the policy ( Schmeer 2000 ) . Name of stakeholder ( administration, Group or person at the federal, province or local degree ) Stakeholder description ( primary intent, association, support ) Potential function in the procedure ( vested involvement in the activity ) Potential degree of committedness ( support or oppose, to what extent and why ) and how to acquire their support Available resources ( staff, voluntaries, ) Power Government/Political sector President Commanding officer in head of the armed forces, initiate authorities policies/bills Assenting to and sign language of measures, mentioning a measure back to the national assembly or to the constitutional tribunal on the measures constitutionality Moderate support, demand for dialogue and lobbying News conferences, high degree committedness ; statements and declarations at cardinal policy events, Speech High The senate and house of representatives The province Governor and province house of assembly Approves the proposed policy to go a jurisprudence, guarantee appropriate support Novices and approves Government policies at the province degree severally Sponsors/ Champions policy alteration, Has significant liberty and control over the allotment and use of their resources at province degree Some may back up and other may non. Necessitate to place title-holders, bargaining and lobbying for support Same as above News conferences, statements at cardinal policy events, Reports on commission meetings Same as above High High Ministry of wellness Implement policies, programmes and take actions to beef up the wellness system Draft measure in concurrence with the federal route safety committee, give advice to the authorities on the impact of route accidents Strongly back up the enforcement of the route safety jurisprudence proposed Political determination shapers, organizational construction of the freshly introduced nomadic injury squad High Federal route safety committee, Nigerian constabulary and the civil defense mechanism service corps Lead bureau on disposal of route safety in Nigeria Pilot trial, Assist the ministry of wellness with information for measure bill of exchange, Strongly back up the enforcement of the route safety jurisprudence proposed Organizational construction of the constabulary, civil defense mechanism, FRSC corps of United States Marshals Services three tier system High Ministry of finance Provides public financess, facilitates development and reappraisals budget, Prioritises reappraisal and blessing of budget for the proposed alteration Variable if the cost for execution is significantly increased Fundss to back up the purchase of velocity cameras High Ministry of transit Oversing transit safety Formulate and implement authorities policies on transit safety May or may non back up because of other undertakings like the new rail manner system development in the state Staffs available at assorted degrees High Ministry of Education Oversing instruction related actives Aid in execution of educational policies May non back up because of other pressing demands like salary increase for instructors Staffs available at assorted degrees High Pressure GROUPS NBC ( MEDIA ) , NURTW, NURTO Major political force per unit area groups Beginning of information, force per unit area and influence in policy development Strongly back up the policy alteration Organised construction and staffs available High International organic structures WHO, World bank, African development bank, Infrastructure pool for Africa, FIA, EURO NCAP, DFID, Multi stakeholders commission, cardinal donors/development spouses and oversee execution of the funded undertaking. Approves the proposal to utilize the fund grant in the procurance of the new policy Strongly support but would be concerned about corrupt patterns Financial, Potentially, human resources to influence policy, cardinal gate keepers for usage of planetary fund grant Medium Nongovernmental organization SAVAN, RAPSON, PATVORA, SAFETY ALLIANCE, AARSI, Nigerian red cross Agency committed to awareness, acceptance and observation of route safety patterns, station debut surveillance Legislative reform protagonism and policy execution Strongly back up Trained staffs every bit good as voluntaries. Low Professional administration Nigeria Medical Association, Researchers. Represents its members and support their involvement Can set force per unit area, and lobbying in the policy procedure Strongly back up Fiscal resources and potentially, human resources to act upon policy Medium Other civil societies Community leaders/chiefs, young person groups, Opinion leaders and determination shapers Can negociate the policy alteration and utile for execution Strongly back up They can call up voluntaries, consciousness and influence on the community, Medium Table1: Stakeholders analysis table. Template beginning and some of the stakeholders functions ( WHO 2008 ) , other functions: ( Schmeer 2000 ) . From the tabular array above, it can be seen that a batch of the cardinal stakeholders would strongly back up the enforcement of the route safety policy alteration. Schemes can so be developed ( consensus-building ) to advance actions for support and cut down resistance from the other stakeholders before go oning with the policy procedure. This can be done by sharing the information obtained among protagonists and encouraging treatment about how to turn to resistance. AGENDA Setting: This measure involves acquiring the issue onto the policy docket from among other issues that can potentially be of involvement to policy shapers ( Buse et al 2005 ) . Kingdon ( 1984 ) proposed that policies get on the docket through 3 independent watercourses ( job, political relations and policy watercourse ) which converge at a point called the policy window. This is the point a policy alteration is most likely to happen. These watercourses in the Nigerian context are as shown in the figure below: Policy window/ Action PointFig 4: Kingdon ‘s three stream theoretical account of docket scene ( Template beginning: policy and nutrition 2010 ) Call uping the Media: McCombs and Shaw ( 1972 ) foremost developed the docket puting theory, demoing a strong correlativity between media docket and the public docket on US presidential runs in 1968, 1972 and 1976. The media, been successful in stating the populace what to believe about ( University of Twente 2004 ) , will be mobilised to act upon the populace ‘s sentiment and accordingly the authorities through Television and wireless programmes/ News, News documents and articles from professional organic structures with accent on the magnitude and possible solution to cut downing the mortality from route traffic accidents. Restriction can besides be made to misdirect adverts which will promote velocity. Personal experience of RTC ( direct or indirect ) could be a more powerful teacher than the media ( University of Twente 2004 ) but both will complement each other in bettering the public docket and later the policy docket. Fig 5: Agenda puting demoing the function of the media ( Beginning: McQuail and Windahl 1993 ) . POLICY FORMULATION AND ADOPTION: This involves the stairss taken after the issue is placed on the docket up boulder clay when it is implemented. This portion of the procedure strongly lies in the sphere of the legislators which determines how a measure becomes jurisprudence and is implemented as shown below: FRSC SUPPORT ( Individuals/ administration ) Sponsor a Member of national assembly Forwarding of the measure to National assembly First Reading Second Reading ( polish ) Public input Committee phase ( Committee on route safety ) Report phase Third reading Public Input Assent ( Presidents marks the Bill ) Bill is promulgated Fig6: How measure becomes jurisprudence in Nigeria ( beginning of information: Jagaba 2009 ) Formulation Schemes: To maintain the issue on the docket through this phase, there is demand for: Continuous runs and Advocacy: Grassroots lobbying ( mobilising the populace to reach legislators or other policy shapers about the job ) and Direct Lobbying ( Phone calls, composing of letters, face to confront interactions ) , Mass Support by go toing commission meetings, Informing international stakeholders that the issue is on the docket, Dickering for protagonists from the legislators to better Alliance. POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: This involves the procedure by which a policy is turned into pattern ( Buse et al 2005 ) . The bottom -up attack ( Lipsky 1980 ) will be a really good attack for the execution such that there is flow of information from the implementers to the policy shapers. However, effort will be made to include the top-down attack in order to understate divergence from the intended policy result. The execution procedure would necessitate clip and resources and should be a gradual procedure. It would be worthwhile holding a pilot undertaking in an country identified by research workers to hold a high mortality from RTA before execution at a National degree. Initial rapid demands appraisal: The route safety system would be assessed to happen out what is needed. The squad should include ; the constabulary, route safety committee, research workers, wellness economic expert, NGO ‘s, the NURTW, Volunteers, medical squads, Health policy analyst, the media, ministry of conveyance, support from developmental spouses, community/religious leaders and affecting the authorities at all degrees. The appraisal will supply scientific, managerial and technological maps of the policy from be aftering to rating. On designation of the specific demands, the execution work program will be drawn. Community/religious leaders will play a cardinal function in recommending within their communities/religious groups in converting their followings that RTC can be prevented and is non religious. Execution agenda: Legislation to stipulate velocity bounds applicable to different types of roads. Identifying strategic cheque points which should be countries identified to hold a comparatively high RTC ensuing from high velocity. Random placement of the squad to supervise vehicle velocity with the nomadic velocity cameras Fines to be paid by lawbreakers will be fixed and gross generated be used for maintain and purchase of velocity cameras. License suspension of lawbreakers who violates the jurisprudence over a specific figure of times as will be stated. The usage of promotion to inform the populace on the new jurisprudence, its benefits and punishments. Evaluation AND Feedback: Buse et Al ( 2005 P ) defines rating as â€Å" research designed specifically to measure the operation and or impact of a programme or policy in order to find whether the programme or policy is worth prosecuting farther † The technology theoretical account suggests that ideally there should be a direct relationship between research findings and policy determinations but nevertheless this is wholly non applicable as there tends to be spreads between the two communities. Advocacy alliance is needed to cut down this spread and should include bettering the cognition of policy shapers by supplying a scope of different research studies via the media, conferences and seminars, guaranting that major policies have ratings built into their budgets and execution programs and set up intermediate establishments to reexamine research and find its policy deductions e.g. NICE in England and Wales ( Buse et al 2005 ) . The rating procedure will affect the usage of the formative rating ( qualitative-observations, semi-structured interviews, focal point groups, advancement studies ) at the early phase to supply advice to policy shapers. It may so be used to modify and develop the plan. It will besides affect the usage of a summational rating ( quantitative- morbidity and mortality rates ) which measures result and the extent to which the programme has met its aims. The Donabedian model ( Donabedian 1978 ) : INPUTS INDICATORS Procedure INDICATORS End product Indexs Result INDICATORS Fundss for purchase of velocity cameras, logistics Human resources- constabulary and route safety Training of forces involved Political committedness Servicess offered- the usage of the velocity cameras Reding quality offered to lawbreakers Police/ route safety – driver interaction Speed direction among route users Collision rates from velocity Badness of hurts from RTC Mortality rates- per centum of deceases due to RTC ensuing from high velocity. Disability rates- the rate of disablements attributable to high velocity vehicle hit Complication rates Quality of life Table 2: Donabedian model Evaluation of the public presentation: Speed limit enforcement will besides be done at the micro, meso and macro degrees. The micro degree will include accessing public presentation of the squads at the territory degrees, the effectivity of the enforcement protocols used, the degree of corruptness and any execution spreads. The meso degree will include accessing public presentation at the administration degree which will include the clip taken to go to to wrongdoers when referred to the route safety Centres, and their function assisting and oversing the squad at the territory degree. The macro degree: this involves accessing funding of the programme and its map at the national or international degree. Decision: The policy procedure is a cyclical procedure happening in the environment of a altering political context. There is therefore the demand for uninterrupted protagonism alliance networking, monitoring and rating at all times. However, other causes of RTC such as bad roads, imbibing and drive which are non to the full implemented in the state should non be neglected as future programs should be made to further cut down the load of RTC to the barest lower limit. The execution of the nomadic velocity cameras and velocity bound enforcement will assist cut down RTC mortalities and disablements, better research and besides quality of life thereby unlocking growing and freeing resources for usage on other wellness concerns with the position of accomplishing the MDGs. How to cite Road Safety In Nigeria Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Education in emerging india free essay sample

Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research. Education frequently takes place under the guidance of others, but may also be autodidactic. [1] Any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. Education is commonly divided into stages such as preschool, primary school, secondary school and then college, university or apprenticeship. 2. Education is a systematic process through which a child or an adult acquires knowledge, experience, skill and sound attitude. It makes an individual civilized, refined, cultured and educated. For a civilized and socialized society, education is the only means. Its goal is to make an individual perfect. Every society gives importance to education because it is a panacea for all evils. It is the key to solve the various problems of life. DEFINITIONS Since time immemorial, education is estimated as the right road to progress and prosperity. Different educationists’ thoughts from both Eastern and Western side have explained the term ‘education’ according to the need of the hour. Various educationists have given their views on education. Some important definitions are: 1. Mahatma Gandhi – â€Å"By education I mean an all-round drawing out of the best in man – body, mind and spirit. † 2. Rabindranath Tagore – â€Å"Education enables the mind to find out the ultimate truth, which gives us the wealth of inner light and love and gives significance to life. † 3. Dr. Zakir Husain – â€Å"Education is the process of the individual mind, getting to its full possible development. Swami Vivekananda – â€Å"Education is the manifestation of divine perfection already existing in man. † 5. Aristotle â€Å"Education is the creation of sound mind in a sound body. † 6. Rousseau â€Å"Education is the child’s development from within. † 7. Herbert Spencer- â€Å"Education is complete living. † 8. Plato – â€Å"Education is the capacity to feel pleasure and pain at the right moment. † 9. Aristotle – â€Å"Education is the creation of a sound mind in a sound body. † 10. Pestalozzi – â€Å"Education is natural, harmonious and progressive development of man’s innate powers. † 11. Froebel -â€Å"Education is enfoldment of what is already enfolded in the germ. † 12. T. P. Nunn â€Å"Education is the complete development of the individuality of the child. † 13. John Dewey – â€Å"Education is the process of living through a continuous reconstruction of experiences. † 14. Indira Gandhi – â€Å"Education is a liberating force and in our age it is also a democratizing force, cutting across the barriers of caste and class, smoothing out inequalities imposed by birth and other circumstances. † John Locke said, â€Å"Plants are developed by cultivation and men by education†. This world would have been enveloped in intellectual darkness if it had not been illuminated by the light of education. It is right to say that the story of civilization is the story of education. Thus, education is an integral part of human life. It is the basic condition for a development of a whole man and vital instrument For accelerating the wellbeing and prosperity by the light of education. NATURE OF EDUCATION As is the meaning of education, so is its nature. It is very complex. Let us now discuss the nature of education: 1. Education is a life-long process- Education is a continuous and lifelong process. It starts from the womb of the mother and continues till death. It is the process of development from infancy to maturity. It includes the effect of everything which influences human personality. 2. Education is a systematic process- It refers to transact its activities through a systematic institution and regulation. 3. Education is development of individual and the society- It is called a force for social development, which brings improvement in every aspect in the society. 4. Education is modification of behaviour- Human behaviour is modified and improved through educational process. Education is purposive: every individual has some goal in his life. Education contributes in attainment of that goal. There is a definite purpose underlined all educational activities. 6. Education is a training- Human senses, mind, behaviour, activities; skills are trained in a constructive and socially desirable way. 7. Education is instruction and direction- It directs and instructs an individual to fulfill his desires and needs for exaltation of his whole personality. 8. Education is life- Life without education is meaningless and like the life of a beast. Every aspect and incident needs education for its sound development. 9. Education is continuous reconstruction of our experiences- As per the definition of John Dewey education reconstructs and remodels our experiences towards socially desirable way. 10. Education helps in individual adjustment: a man is a social being. If he is not able to adjust himself in different aspects of life his personality can’t remain balanced. Through the medium of education he learns to adjust himself with the friends, class fellows, parents, relations, neighbours and teachers etc. Education is balanced development: Education is concerned with the development of all faculties of the child. it performs the functions of the physical, mental, aesthetic, moral, economic, spiritual development of the individual so that the individual may get rid of his animal instincts by sublimating the same so that he becomes a civilized person. 12. Education is a dynamic process: Education is not a static but a dynamic process which develops the child according to changing situations and times. It always induces the individual towards progress. It reconstructs the society according to the changing needs of the time and place of the society. 13. Education is a bipolar process: According to Adams, education is a bipolar process in which one personality acts on another to modify the development of other person. The process is not only conscious but deliberate. 14. Education is a three dimensional process: John Dewey has rightly remarked, â€Å"All educations proceeds by participation of the individual in the social consciousness of the race. † Thus it is the society which will determine the aims, contents and methods of teachings. In this way the process of education consists of 3 poles – the teacher, the child and the society. 15. Education as growth: The end of growth is more growth and the end of education is more education. According to John Dewey, â€Å"an individual is a changing and growing personality. † The purpose of education is to facilitate the process of his/her growth. Therefore, the role of education is countless for a perfect society and man. It is necessary for every society and nation to bring holistic happiness and prosperity to its individuals. AIMS OF EDUCATION Aims give direction to activities. Aims of education are formulated keeping in view the needs of situation. Human nature is multisided with multiple needs, which are related to life. Educational aims are correlated to ideals of life. The goal of education should be the full flowering of the human on this earth. According to a UNESCO study, â€Å"the physical, intellectual, emotional and ethical integration of the individual into a complete man/woman is the fundamental aim of education. † The goal of education is also to form children into human persons committed to work for the creation of human communities of love, fellowship, freedom, justice and harmony. Students are to be moulded only by making them experience the significance of these values in the school itself. Teachers could achieve this only by the lived example of their lives manifested in hundreds of small and big transactions with students in word and deed. Individual and Social Aims: Individual aims and social aims are the most important aims of education. They are opposed to each other individual aims gives importance for the development of the individuality. Social aim gives importance to the development of society through individual not fulfilling his desire. But it will be seen that development of individuality assumes meaning only in a social environment. Individual Aims – Sir Percy Nunn observes, â€Å"Nothing goods enters into the human world except in and through the free activities of individual men and women and that educational practice must be shaped the individual. Education should give scope to develop the inborn potentialities through maximum freedom. † Because: (1) Biologists believe that every individual is different from others. Every child is a new and unique product and a new experiment with life. Thompson says, â€Å"Education is for the individual†. Individual should be the centre of all educational efforts and activities. (2) Naturalists believe that central aim of education is the autonomous development of the individual. Rousseau said, â€Å"Everything is good as it comes from the hands of the Author of Nature, but everything degenerates in the hands of man. † God makes all things good, man meddles with them and they become evil. God creates everything good man makes it evil. So individual should be given maximum freedom for its own development. (3) Psychologists believe that education is an individual process because of individual differences. No two individuals are alike. So education should be according to the interest of the individual. Criticism of Individual Aim: Individual aim is not desirable because man is a social animal. Society’s interest should be protected. (1) Individual aim makes individual selfish. (2) Maximum freedom may go against the society. (3) Individuality cannot develop from a vacuum; it develops in a social atmosphere. (4) Unless society develops, individual cannot develop. (5) Who will recognize society- where individual is selfish? Social Aim: The supporters believe that society or state is supreme or real. The individual is only a means. The progress of the society is the aim of education. Education is for the society and of the society. The function of education is for the welfare of the state. The state will make the individual as it desires. It prepares the individual to play different roles in society. Individuality has no value, and personality is meaningless apart from society. If society will develop individual will develop automatically. Here society plays an important role. Criticism of Social Aim: (1) It makes individual only a tool of government. It reduces individual to a mere non-entity. (3) Society ignores the legitimate needs, desires and interests of the individual. (4) It is against the development of individuality of the individual. Synthesis between individual and social aims of education: Individual aim and social aim of education go independently. Both are opposing to each other. It is not in reality. Neither the individual nor the society can exist. The individual is the product of the society while society finds its advancement in the development of its individual member. Individual cannot develop in vacuum. According to John Adams, â€Å"Individuality requires a social medium to grow. † And T. P. Nunn says,† Individuality develops in social environment. † Conclusion: According to James Ross, â€Å"The aim of education is the development of valuable personality and spiritual individuality. † The true aim of education cannot be other than the highest development of the individual as a member of society. Let education burn the individual flame, feeding it with the oil of society. ETYMOLOGICAL MEANING OF EDUCATION Etymologically, the word ‘Education’ has been derived from different Latin words. Educare’ which means ‘to bring out’ or ‘to nourish’. b) ‘educere’ which means ‘to lead out’ or ‘to draw out’. c) ‘educatum’ which means ‘act of teaching’ or ‘training’. d) ‘educatus’ which means ‘to bring up, rear, educate’. e) ‘educatio’ which means â€Å"a breeding, a bringing up, a rearing. †  · The Greek word ‘pedagogy’ is sometimes used for education.  · The most common Indian word ‘shiksha’ is derived from the Sanskrit verbal root ‘shas’ which means ‘to discipline’, ‘to control’, ‘to instruct’ and ‘to teach’.  · Similarly the word ‘vidya’ is derived from Sanskrit verbal root ‘vid’ which means ‘to know’. Vidya is thus the subject matter of knowledge. This shows that disciplining the mind and imparting knowledge where the foremost considerations in India. Back in the 1500s, the word education meant â€Å"the raising of children,† but it also meant â€Å"the training of animals. † While there are probably a few teachers who feel like animal trainers, education these days has come to mean either â€Å"teaching† or â€Å"the process of acquiring knowledge. † Functions of education The two important questions concerning the role of education in society are: what could education achieve? And does it do that well? The answer to the questions can be given by associating four central functions to education, on an abstract level prevalent in most educational system (Peschar and Wesselingh 1999) 1. The equal opportunity function: to promote equal opportunities to children of different backgrounds. 2. The selection function: to sort students efficiently according to their talents and interest. The selection function implies that efficient learning is achieved when the sorting process is optimized. The total production of knowledge and skill is then optimized. The allocation function: to prepare for the labour market. This function implies that education teaches skills that are productive for work, and thereby helps school leavers in the process of being allocated to different labour market positions, and employers in optimizing their productions. 4. The socialization function: to socialize students and pupils into active citizenship. Education can have an active role in the formation of active and participating citizens, and it can help to promote equality in civic competence. Moulding: The social function of education is to qualify the individual to function in the role he is to play later on in society; that is, to mould his character in such a way that it approximates the social character that his desires coincide with the necessities of his social role. Growth : (ref) Of all the processes involved in acquisition of mental tools, Vygotsky focused primarily on the use of language (it was through the work of his colleagues and students that acquisition of non-verbal mental tools was studied). For him, language is both the most important mental tool and a medium facilitating the acquisition of other mental tools. One of the best-known concepts that illustrates Vygotskys view of language is the concept of private speech. Private speech, or self-talk, originates in social speech, the initial form of speech that is directed to other people. Although it retains the audible characteristic of social speech, private speech changes its function. It now becomes speech directed to oneself rather than speech that is regulated or directed by a more capable person. Noticing that children tend to increase the amount of self-talk when facing more challenging tasks, Vygotsky hypothesized that at some point, they start using private speech to organize (plan, direct, or evaluate) their behaviors. The use of private speech peaks during preschool years and then decreases. Vygotsky associates this decrease with private speech turning first into inner speech and then into verbal thinking. This evolution of speech–from social to self-directed to internalized–exemplifies the path of all higher mental functions, which was described by Vygotsky in his law of the development of higher mental functions. According to this law, each higher mental function appears twice in the course of child development: first as shared or carried out by an individual jointly with other people–intersubjective–and then as appropriated or internalized by this individual and used independently–intrasubjective. Vygotskys view of child development and education is an extension of his general approach to the development of higher mental functions. Consistent with his definition of development as socially determined, Vygotsky introduced a new relationship between education, learning, and development. Vygotsky argued against the theorists who believed that child development occurs spontaneously and is driven by the processes of maturation and cannot be affected by education. Neither did he agree with those who claimed that instruction could alter development at any time regardless of a childs age or capacities. Instead, he proposed a more complex and dynamic relationship between learning and development that is determined by what he termed a childs zone of proximal development (ZPD). Vygotskys theory is based on the idea that learning can lead development, and development can lead learning, and this process takes place through a dynamic interrelationship. The ZPD is the area between a learners level of independent performance (often called developmental level) and the level of assisted performance–what the child can do with support. Independent performance is the best the learner can do without help, and assisted performance is the maximum the learner can achieve with help. By observing assisted performance one can investigate a learners potential for current highest level of functioning. ZPD reveals the learners potential and is realized in interactions with knowledgeable others or in other supportive contexts (such as make-believe play for preschool children). By providing assistance to learners within their ZPD we are supporting their growth. Through identification of a learners ZPD, teachers find out what knowledge, skills, and understandings have not yet surfaced for the learner but are on the edge of emergence. Teachers also study ways to engage the learner in shared or co-operative learning experience through participation in the learners ZPD. This involves doing more than completing a task in a combined fashion; it involves developing the learners higher mental functions, such as the ability to plan, evaluate, memorize, and reason. In How Children Think and Learn (1998), David Wood points out: By reminding children we are helping them to bring to mind and exploit those aspects of their past experience that we (as experts) but not they (as novices) know to be relevant to what they are currently trying to do (p. Read more: Developmental Theory Vygotskian Theory Vygotsky, Mental, Children, and Child StateUniversity. com http://education. stateuniversity. com/pages/1912/Developmental-Theory-VYGOTSKIAN-THEORY. html#ixzz2t7TbJZuz Initiation Formal, informal and non formal education At around the same time there were moves in UNESCO toward lifelong education and notions of ‘the learning society‘ which culminated in Learning to Be (‘The Faure Report’, UNESCO 1972). Lifelong learning was to be the ‘master concept’ that should shape educational systems (UNESCO 1972:182). What emerged was an influential tripartite categorization of learning systems. It’s best known statement comes from the work of Combs with Prosser and Ahmed (1973): Formal education: the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded ‘education system’, running from primary school through the university and including, in addition to general academic studies, a variety of specialised programmes and institutions for full-time technical and professional training. Informal education: the truly lifelong process whereby every individual acquires attitudes, values, skills and knowledge from daily experience and the educative influences and resources in his or her environment – from family and neighbours, from work and play, from the market place, the library and the mass media. Non-formal education: any organised educational activity outside the established formal system – whether operating separately or as an important feature of some broader activity – that is intended to serve identifiable learning clienteles and learning objectives. The distinction made is largely administrative. Formal education is linked with schools and training institutions; non-formal with community groups and other organizations; and informal covers what is left, e. g. interactions with friends, family and work colleagues. (See, for example, Coombs and Ahmed 1974). The problem with this is that people often organize educational events as part of their everyday experience and so the lines blur rapidly. As Fordham (1993) comments, these definitions do not imply hard and fast categories. In particular, there may well be some overlap (and confusion) between the informal and the non-formal. Just how helpful a focus on administrative setting or institutional sponsorship is a matter of some debate. Once we recognize that a considerable amount of education happens beyond the school wall it may be that a simple division between formal and informal education will suffice. It has certainly been

Change Blindness free essay sample

A paper which analyzes experiments done to further understand change blindness. The paper describes change blindness as the inability of an individual to recall the changes between two different scenes. The paper discusses an experiment done whereby a basic question was asked in the study whether change blindness could occur because of an individuals inability to compare the changes between two existing scenarios. It shows how the experimenters devised three different experiments for this purpose and the results showed that many participants who failed to recall any details about the pre-change were able to think of some of the pre-change scene when questions were asked in this regard. The paper also discusses follow-up experiments. Keeping this in mind an attempt should be made to investigate comparison failures that occur with the inability to recognize the change in a given situation. It has been noted that even though overwriting does play an important role with regard to change blindness, other variables may also contribute to the latter phenomenon besides overwriting of course. We will write a custom essay sample on Change Blindness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another thing that the study has proven is the fact that change blindness may occur in spite of the fact that sufficient representational evidence occurs to suggest the presence of a change. An attempt must now be made to find out why this happens in spite of the most apparent changes.